Situation of Makkah Before the Advent of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ):

The Era of Darkness

The emergence of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) occurred during the ‘Ayyam–e–Jahliyah—the Age of Ignorance. During this dark era, the people of Makkah, confused and steeped in superstition, had transformed the holy Ka’ba into a hub of idol worship. Widespread arrogance, tribal feuds, rivalries, anarchy, and chaos were the general scenarios of that time. This degradation stood in stark contrast to the pure monotheistic faith of Prophet Ibrahim (AS), who had dedicated his life to rejecting polytheistic beliefs and proclaiming unwavering allegiance to the worship of Allah (SWT) alone.

A Society in Moral and Social Decline

This period of ignorance was marked by widespread apostasy, idolatry, injustice, oppression, plunder, and immorality. Human souls were ensnared in the chains of servitude to hundreds of false gods. Moral values were utterly eroded, and society was engulfed by ignorance, barbarism, and superstition. Immoral and shameful activities disrupted human societies everywhere.

Although Arabic, the mother tongue of the Arabs, was renowned as one of the richest and most eloquent languages of the time, and their poetic talent was highly developed, their intellectual pursuits and cultural progress remained barren and regressive.

• Apathy towards Civilizations: Despite its proximity to the two great civilizations of the time, the Roman and Persian Empires, Arabia remained completely independent and uninfluenced. The Arabs, divided into numerous tribes, predominantly led nomadic, desert Bedouin lifestyles. They had no centralized government and placed utmost loyalty to their tribes above all else. This tribal loyalty often resulted in endless cycles of violence, vengeance, and conflict passed down from generation to generation.
• Inclined to Immoral Practices: Arabian society of the time was rife with heinous crimes and immoral practices, including murder, looting, robbery, excessive drinking, gambling, and prostitution. One of the most abhorrent practices was the burial of newborn daughters alive out of shame or economic fear. The tribes were locked in a cycle of mutual discord and violence, with vengeance often becoming a cultural norm.Shaped by a harsh and hostile desert environment, these people developed hardened and ruthless characteristics, often compared to heartless stones.
• Engrossed in Polytheism: Humanity during this period had plunged into spiritual, moral, and social disarray, engrossed in shirk (polytheism), oppression, and superstitions. Paganism dominated, with false beliefs and indecency rampant. The sanctity of the Ka’ba was desecrated, as it housed 360 idols, transforming the house of Allah into a center for idolatry.

Ja’far ibn Abi Talib (RA), a leader of the Muslim emigrants to Abyssinia, eloquently described this era of moral decay to the Emperor Negus:

“O King! We were a people steeped in ignorance and barbarity, worshipping idols made by our own hands. We ate carrion and committed shameful deeds. We severed family ties, mistreated our neighbors, and the strong among us exploited the weak…”

The Strayed Quraysh and their Belief in Polytheism

The Ka’ba in Makkah has been revered since ancient times as the sacred house of worship and the focal point for the monotheistic belief in Allah (SWT). Established by Prophets Ibrahim (AS) and Ismail (AS), it symbolized the pure faith of submission to one God. However, over time, the Makkhans strayed from this monotheistic tradition due to the corrupting influence of Satan. Instead of worshipping the one true Allah, they fell into idolatry, filling the Ka’ba with 360 idols. Among these, the largest one was ‘Hubal’, a human–shaped idol. Other prominent idols included the goddesses ‘Lat’, ‘Manat’, and ‘Uzza’, whom they falsely declared to be the daughters of Allah.

The idolaters believed that worshiping these deities would bring them closer to Allah and earn His mercy. They regarded idol worship as the pinnacle of spiritual devotion, even though it marked the lowest degradation of human conduct. Their polytheistic beliefs were accompanied by various superstitions. Although they acknowledged Allah’s supreme authority, they claimed that their gods and goddesses served as intermediaries in worldly affairs. They falsely believed these idols could intercede on their behalf, distorting the concept of divine worship.

Allah (SWT) has mentioned in the Holy Qur’an about their false notions:

“Say (O Prophet): ‘Shall we indeed call on others besides Allah, – things that can do us neither good nor harm, – and turn on our heels after receiving guidance from Allah. – like one whom the evil ones have made into a fool, wandering bewildered through the earth, his friends calling, come to us’, (vainly) guiding him to the path.’ Say: ‘(Allah)’s guidance is the (only) guidance, and we have been directed to submit ourselves to the Lord of the worlds.” (Surah Al—An ’am, 6:71)

“Verily those whom you call upon besides Allah are servants like unto you: Call upon them, and let them listen to your prayer, if you are (indeed) truthful! Have they feet to walk with? Or hands to lay hold with? Or eyes to see with? Or ears to hear with? Say: ‘Call your ‘God–partners’, scheme (your worst) against me, and give me no respite!” (Surah Al–A’raf, 7:194—195)

[Also see Surah An–Najm: 53:19–23, Surah An–Nisa: 4:117–120, Surah Al–Ahqaf: 46:4—6]

Their Immoral and Harsh Lifestyle

The Quraysh tribe of pre–Islamic Makkah, in particular, symbolized harshness and immorality of the age of darkness. They were characterized by arrogance, internal strife, and a relentless cycle of revenge. Practices like kidnapping, looting, and acts of injustice were rampant. Their motto, “might is right,” justified oppression and exploitation. Intoxication, indulgence in excess, and unrestrained pleasure defined their lives.

Awful Condition of Women, Girl Children and Orphans

During this time, women were subjected to severe oppression. Female infanticide was a common practice, driven by the belief that the birth of a daughter brought shame and misfortune. Infant girls were often buried alive. Orphans were similarly mistreated, and their inheritance was frequently seized without any onsideration. In the Qur’an Allah (SWT) says:

“When news is brought to one of them, of (the birth of) a female (child), his face darkens, and he is filled with inward grief! With shame does he hide himself from his people, because of the bad news he has had! Shall he retain it on (sufferance and) contempt, or bury it in the dust? Ah! what an evil (choice) they decide on?” (Surah An–Nahl, 16:58—59)

“Lost are those who slay their children, from folly, without knowledge, and forbid food which Allah hath provided for them, inventing (lies) against Allah. They have indeed gone astray and heeded no guidance.” (Qur’an: Surah Al—An’ am, 6:140)

“Nay, nay! but you honor not the orphans! Nor do you encourage one another to feed the poor! – And you devour inheritance – all with greed, and you love wealth with inordinate love!” (Surah Al–Fajr, 89:17—20)

Their Disbelief in Afterlife and Day of Judgement

Furthermore, the pre-Islamic Arabs rejected the notion of Hereafter, denying the existence of Heaven, Hell, and the Day of Judgment. They believed that life ended with death and no accountability beyond it. This delusion fostered a reckless lifestyle devoid of moral or ethical principles.

The Qur’an resolves their misconception about Hereafter:

“Did you then think that We had created you in jest, and that ye would not be brought back to Us (for account)?” (Surah Al–Mu’minun, 23:115)

“They say: ‘What! when we are reduced to bones and dust, should we really be raised up (to be) a new creation?’ Say (O Prophet): ‘(Nay!) be you stones or iron, Or created matter which, in your minds, is hardest (to be raised up),- (Yet shall you be raised up)!’ Then will they say: ‘Who will cause us to return?’ Say: ‘He who created you first!” Then will they wag their heads towards you, and say, ‘When will that be?’ Say, ‘Maybe it will be quite soon’!” (Surah Bani Israel, 17:49—51)

“But those who believe and work righteousness, and humble themselves before their Lord, – They will be companions of the gardens, to dwell therein for aye! These two kinds (of men) may be compared to the blind and deaf, and those who can see and hear well. Are they equal when compared? Will ye not then take heed?” (Surah Hijr, 11:23—24)

[Also see Surah Hud: 11:19—22]

The Holy Qur’an vividly condemns these false beliefs and cruel practices as mentioned above, describing them as deviations from the truth and affronts to human dignity. The society of pre–Islamic Arabia was an embodiment of ruthless exploitation, stark injustice, and moral decay, setting the stage for the transformative message of Islam brought by Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ).

Spiritual Drought Beyond Arabia

The world experienced a long spiritual drought following the ascension of Prophet Isa (Jesus, peace be upon him) to the heavens as the misguided ‘Bani Israel’ (children of Israel) conspired to kill him. The previous Scriptures of Allah (SWT) revealed to a number of Messengers were distorted and unheeded by the Ahle–Kitab (people of the book). As a result, spirituality was at a low ebb and morality was on the decline throughout the whole world. Moreover, a big vacuum was created since the departure of Prophet Isa (AS) long ago. During that situation Allah (SWT) justified His Prophet’s emergence:

“O People of the Book! Now has come unto you Our Messenger, after the break in (the series of) our apostles, making (things) clear unto you, lest you should say: ‘There came unto us no bearer of glad tidings and no warner (from evil)’: But now has come unto you a bearer of glad tidings and a warner (from evil). And Allah has power over all things.” (Surah Maidah: 5:19)

The Confusion of the People of the Book

The communities that received divine scriptures in the pre–Islamic era are collectively known as the “People of the Book.” For instance, the Torah was revealed to the followers of Prophet Moses (peace be upon him), the Gospel to the followers of Prophet Jesus (peace be upon him), and the Psalms to the followers of Prophet David (peace be upon him). However, these scriptures were not preserved in their original form. Over time, the People of the Book altered and distorted them to suit their own desires, leading to widespread disagreements and confusion. They strayed from the true religion of Allah, giving rise to fabricated doctrines and false beliefs. Among the People of the Book, the Jews and Christians were the most prominent religious groups of that era. Below, we discuss the issues that led to their confusion.

The Immoral Practices of the Jewish Community

The Jews, a branch of the Children of Israel, claimed to be the followers of Prophet Moses (AS). Despite being recipients of countless blessings from Allah (SWT), most of them became arrogant, broke their covenants, engaged in evil deeds, and were greedy. Many among them were deceitful in character. They even went so far as to distort their sacred Book, the Torah, by inserting fabricated words. Their repeated disobedience to Allah’s commands and their ingratitude for His blessings brought upon them His curse and wrath.

When the final Prophet, Muhammad (ﷺ), emerged—not from the Children of Israel as they had expected—they were deeply disappointed and resentful. They treated him and previous prophets with arrogance and hostility, even going as far as killing many of them.

Despite their crimes and delusions, the Jews believed they were the only chosen people of Allah (Qur’an: 62:6). They falsely claimed immunity from wrongdoing, asserting that they were not guilty of betraying trusts or violating the rights of others. They even lied about Allah (SWT) knowingly (Surah Aal–e–Imran: 3:75). By holding such beliefs, they fell into polytheism (Surah At–Tawbah :9:30).

Their misconduct extended to spying, distorting the words of the Torah (Surah Al–Maidah, 5:41), and making false accusations against Maryam, the mother of Isa (peace be upon her). They even claimed to have crucified Isa (Jesus – peace be upon him), though Allah (SWT) raised him to heaven while he was still alive.

The Qur’an vividly describes the characteristics of the Jews, highlighting their deviations and transgressions.

“Many of them do you see, racing each other in sin and rancour, and their eating of things forbidden. Evil indeed are the things that they do. Why do not the rabbis and the doctors of Law forbid them from their (habit of) uttering sinful words and eating things forbidden? Evil indeed are their works.” (Surah Maidah, 5:62—63)

“Then woe to those who write the Book with their own hands, and then say:’This is from Allah,’ to traffic with it for miserable price!- Woe to them for what their hands do write, and for the gain they make thereby. And they say: ‘The Fire shall not touch us but for a few numbered days:’ Say (O Prophet): ‘Have you taken a promise from Allah, for He never breaks His promise? or is it that you say of Allah what you do not know’?” (Surah Baqarah, 2:79—80)          [Also see Surah Baqarah: 2:84—86, Surah Aal—e–Imran: 3:78, Surah Al–Jumu’ah: 62:5]

Misconceptions of the Christians about True Monotheism

The Christian community, despite their reverence for the one true God, associates others with Him by equating Jesus (peace be upon him) with Allah as His son and an intercessor. However, Allah (SWT), the Lord of all worlds, is unique and absolute. He has no equal, no partner, and nothing comparable to Him. The Qur’an explicitly clarifies this eternal truth:

“He begets not, nor was He begotten. And there is none comparable to Him.” (Surah Al–Ikhlas: 3-4)

Allah, in His majesty and perfection, is beyond human attributes such as parentage or offspring. He is not a father, mother, son, or daughter. These characteristics are incompatible with His divinity. He is pure, exalted, and entirely free from such limitations.

Moreover, intercession is solely within Allah’s domain. None have the authority to mediate or intercede on behalf of others without His explicit permission. The Qur’an underscores this principle:

“Who is it that can intercede with Him except by His permission?” (Surah Baqarah: 2:255)

The Christian belief in the Trinity—attributing divinity to Jesus (peace be upon him) and the Holy Spirit alongside Allah—contradicts the pure monotheism taught by all Prophets, including Jesus (peace be upon him) himself. The concept of associating partners with Allah is a grave misguidance, as it compromises the essence of worship and the recognition of Allah’s absolute oneness.

Islam upholds the pristine monotheistic message: Allah alone is the Creator, Sustainer, and Judge of all. None share His divinity, authority, or attributes. This belief is the cornerstone of faith and the foundation of salvation in Islam.

Regarding Christians’ misconception about God, Almighty Allah says:

“Behold, they say, ‘Allah has begotten a son.’ Surely, they are liars.” (Surah AS–Saffat 37:151–152)

“Indeed, they are disbelievers who say: Allah is one of three, while there is no god but One God. If they do not desist from what they say, a painful punishment will befall those of them who persist in disbelief.” (Surah Al–Maidah, 5:73) [Also see Surah Al–Maidah, 5:72]

The Eternal Struggle Between Truth and Falsehood

The conflict between truth and falsehood is as old as humanity itself. Falsehood arises from the deception of Satan, who strives to lead people away from the path of righteousness, creating confusion and sowing discord. Satan and his followers distort divine truth, spreading lies and corruption to extinguish the guiding light of Allah.

Yet, Allah (SWT) ensures that His light continues to shine brightly for the guidance of humanity. Throughout history, whenever humanity strayed from the path of Allah (SWT) He has sent Prophets and Messengers to clarify the difference between truth and falsehood and to lead people back to the straight path. These messengers, armed with the words of Allah, sought to eliminate confusion and establish the truth in their communities. Despite Satan’s efforts, falsehood has always been defeated, and the truth has ultimately prevailed. Allah (SWT) declares in the Qur’an:

“Say: My Lord! Make me enter in truth and make me leave in truth and grant me from Yourself a support. Say (O Prophet): ‘The truth has come, and falsehood has vanished.’ Indeed, falsehood is bound to vanish.” (Surah Al—Isra, 17:80–81)

“It is He who has sent His Messenger with guidance and the religion of truth, that He may make it prevail over all other religions. And Allah is sufficient as a Trustworthy Trustee.” (Surah Al–Fat–h, 48:28)

“Say: My Lord has sent down the truth. He is the Knower of the Unseen. Say: The truth has come, and falsehood cannot create anything new, nor can it return.” (Surah Saba, 34: 48–49 )

[Also see Surah Baqarah: 2:257, Surah An—Nahl: 16:36 – 37, Surah At—Tawbah: 9:32]

The Ultimate Guidance for the Entire Humanity

Humanity as a whole was eagerly waiting for a savior, when the whole world, especially the Arabian Peninsula had been passing through “Ayame Jahiliya” (The Age of Darkness). Prophet Ibrahim (AS) built the House of Ka’ba at the command Allah (SWT) for the sole purpose of worshiping Him alone. But later on, it was turned into a place for worshipping idols, discarding only Allah’s worship.

Then the ultimate guidance for the humanity as a whole, came through the arrival of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ). He was the final messenger, and the Holy Qur’an, revealed to him, is the last divine scripture. This Book resolves the eternal conflict between truth and falsehood by making the truth clear and falsehood identifiable.

The Qur’an describes Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) as a universal warner and guide:

“Blessed is He who has sent down the Book of Criterion (the Qur’an) to His servant, that he (Prophet Muhammad ﷺ) may be a warner to the worlds.” (Surah Al–Furqan, 25:1)

Furthermore, Allah (SWT) affirms the ultimate victory of Islam:

“It is He who has sent His Messenger with guidance and the religion of truth, that He may make it prevail over all other religions. And Allah is sufficient as a Trustworthy Trustee.” (Surah Al–Fat–h, 48:28)

Islam’s divine message is eternal and unchanging. It calls humanity to the pure worship of Allah (SWT), the rejection of falsehood, and the embrace of a life guided by truth and righteousness.