The Prophet’s (ﷺ) Dream and Desire to Visit the Ka’ba

Six years had passed since the migration to Madinah, during which the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) and his companions endured relentless struggles to defend themselves against internal conspiracies and external threats, with the aim of establishing a just society. By now, a deep yearning to visit the Ka’ba and their beloved homeland stirred their hearts.

However, access to the Ka’ba was blocked by the Quraysh of Makkah, despite its sanctity and openness to all. 

• The Quraysh claimed that Muslims, who rejected the idols in the Ka’ba, should not be allowed entry. 

• This contravened the original purpose of the Ka’ba as established by Prophet Ibrahim (AS) as a house of worship for Allah alone. 

Whereas Allah (SWT) affirms the original purpose in the Qur’anic verses given below:

• The Prophet’s (ﷺ) Dream: The Prophet (ﷺ) had a dream where he saw himself and his companions visiting the Ka’ba, which further fueled his resolve to perform Umrah. Allah (SWT) confirms the truth of this vision in the Qur’an:

“Certainly, has Allah showed to His Messenger the vision in truth. You will surely enter al-Masjid al-Haram, if Allah wills, in safety, with your heads shaved and [hair] shortened, not fearing [anyone].” (Surah Al–Fat—h, 48:27)

The Journey to Perform Umrah

In the month of Dhu al-–Qadah, during the sixth year after Hijrah, the Prophet (ﷺ) called upon the people of Madinah to prepare for Umrah. A group of 1,400 Muslims set out, accompanied by animals for sacrifice. They carried no weapons except for sheathed swords, adhering to the sanctity of the pilgrimage.

Upon reaching ‘Usfan’ near Makkah, news of their approach reached the Quraysh, who dispatched a force of 200 soldiers led by Khalid bin Walid and Ikrimah bin Abu Jahl to intercept them. To avoid confrontation during this holy month, the Prophet (ﷺ) led the pilgrims through a difficult route. Eventually reaching Hudaybiyyah on the outskirts of Makkah, the Prophet (ﷺ) ordered them to set up camp there.

Obstacles and Tensions

At Hudaybiyyah, the Quraysh showed an inflexible attitude and refused to allow the Muslim Hajj group’s entry to Makkah. However, an exchange of representatives took place between the two sides for negotiations. 

• The Prophet (ﷺ) first sent a representative to convey the peaceful intentions of the Muslim Hajj group, but the Quraysh stubbornly rejected him.

• The Quraysh also sent their envoys to the Muslim camp, where they witnessed the sincerity and discipline of the Muslims. They met the Holy Prophet (ﷺ) and were able to understand his true intentions and returned to the Quraysh to inform them about the real situation.  Despite this, the Quraysh remained obstinate and started thinking maliciously..

• However, the Quraysh expressed their interest in reaching a solution through negotiations. 

• The Prophet (ﷺ) then sent Hazrat Uthman (RA), a respected figure among the Quraysh, to negotiate. But the Quraysh chieftains refused to allow the Muslims to enter the Ka’ba and perform Umrah this year, citing various reasons. 

Rumors about Hazrat Uthman’s (RA)

The Muslims became anxious due to the delay in Hazrat Uthman’s (RA) return, leading to rumors that he had been captured by the Quraysh.

• Later, rumors spread that Hazrat Uthman (RA) had been killed. 

• This created significant anxiety and tension among the Muslims. 

The events at Hudaybiyyah were pivotal in the history of Islam, demonstrating patience, diplomacy, and the steadfastness of the Prophet (ﷺ) and his companions in the face of adversity.

 Bayat–e–Ridwan

When rumors spread that Hazrat Uthman (RA) had been killed during his mission to negotiate with the Quraysh, the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) gathered his companions under a tree and took an oath from them. This pledge, well-known as Bayat–e–Ridwan, was a solemn commitment to fight until death to avenge the supposed killing of Hazrat Uthman (RA).

The companions placed their hands on the hand of the Prophet (ﷺ) as a sign of allegiance. However, the news of Hazrat Uthman’s (RA) death turned out to be false when he returned safely to the Muslim camp. Despite this, the act of Bayat–e–Ridwan held immense spiritual significance. Allah (SWT) declared His pleasure with those who took this pledge in the Qur’an:

“Indeed, Allah was pleased with the believers when they pledged allegiance to you, [O Muhammad], under the tree, and He knew what was in their hearts, so He sent down tranquility upon them and rewarded them with a near victory.” (Surah Al–Fat—h, 48:18)

The Treaty of Hudaybiyyah

After much negotiation, the Quraysh sent Suhail ibn Amr as their representative to finalize an agreement with the Muslims. Though Suhail adopted a harsh stance and strict attitude in determining the terms of the treaty, the Prophet (ﷺ) displayed exceptional patience and wisdom in ensuring that peace be prevailed:

• One of the contentious points was the mention of the Prophet’s (ﷺ) title, “Rasulullash” (the Messenger of Allah). Suhail insisted on removing this title, claiming the Quraysh did not recognize his prophethood.

• To keep the negotiations moving, the Prophet (ﷺ) asked Hazrat Ali (RA) to remove the words, but when Hazrat Ali (RA) hesitated, the Prophet (ﷺ) struck them off himself.

•  Although some terms of the treaty appeared unfavorable to the Muslims, the Prophet (ﷺ) accepted them for the greater benefit.

Key Terms of the Treaty

The treaty was concluded with the terms as given below:

1. The truce would last for ten years, ensuring peace between the Quraysh and the Muslims.
2. Muslims would return to Madinah without performing Umrah that year. They could return the following year for Hajj but stay only three days, carrying only sheathed swords.
3. Tribes across Arabia could align freely with either the Quraysh or the Muslims without interference.
4. If a Quraysh convert to Islam fled to Madinah without parental consent, they would be returned to Makkah. However, if a Muslim defected to the Quraysh, they would not be returned.

Although some of the clauses of the agreement were discriminatory and against Muslim interests, the Prophet’s (ﷺ) accepted it for the purpose of overall peace. Finally, a ten-–year peace agreement was concluded, which is known as the ‘Treaty of Hudaybiyyah’. It was a pivotal moment in Islamic history, marked by a ten–year truce.

Reactions and Significance

The Muslim pilgrims were very disappointed as they were not able to perform Hajj and Umrah that year as per the terms of the agreement. But the Muslims, bound by the bond of respect, love and loyalty to their beloved Prophet (ﷺ), accepted his decision as a matter of course. The terms of the treaty initially disappointed the Muslim pilgrims, as:

• They were barred from performing Umrah that year. So a gloomy situation prevailed in the Muslim camp.

• The discriminatory clauses of the treaty were humiliating and painful for the Muslims. The perceived injustice of some clauses, such as the forced return of Quraysh converts, added to their dismay. 

• However, the Prophet’s (ﷺ) foresight and commitment to peace prevailed, and the Muslims accepted the terms out of respect and loyalty to him.

Far–reaching Effect of the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah

Despite appearing disadvantageous, the treaty proved to be a turning point for Islam. It was a milestone in the progress of Islam. Although some of its clauses were discriminatory and objectionable to the Muslims, it was essential for achieving far–reaching goals through patience, restraint and tolerance. Its contribution to the larger interest of peace and in the propagation and spread of Islam in a peaceful environment was immense. 

In addition, this agreement recognized that Islam was an emerging force and a peer of the Quraysh. Above all, this treaty removed the fear of a bloody clash between the two warring parties in the holy city of Makkah during the holy month. These far-–reaching effects may be summarized as below:

1. It acknowledged Islam as a legitimate and rising power.
2. It allowed peaceful propagation of Islam, leading to a significant increase in conversions. 
3. It removed the immediate threat of conflict, enabling the Muslims to focus on strengthening their community. 
4. It prevented bloodshed in Makkah, preserving its sanctity.

Allah (SWT) described this treaty as a ‘Clear Victory’ in the Qur’an:

“Indeed, We have given you, [O Muhammad], a clear conquest, that Allah may forgive for you what preceded of your sin and what will follow and complete His favor upon you and guide you to a straight path.” (Surah Al–Fat-–h, 48:1-2)

Allah’s (SWT) Wisdom Behind the Treaty:

In additional verses, Allah (SWT) reminded the Muslims of His wisdom in preventing immediate conflict:

“And it is He who withheld their hands from you and your hands from them within Makkah after He caused you to overcome them. And ever is Allah of what you do, Seeing.” 

“They are the ones who denied Revelation and hindered you from the Sacred Mosque and the sacrificial animals, detained from reaching their place of sacrifice. Had there not been believing men and believing women whom you did not know that you were trampling down and on whose account a crime would have accrued to you without (your) knowledge, ((Allah) would have allowed you to force your way, but He held back your hands) that He may admit to His Mercy whom He will. If they had been apart, We should certainly have punished the Unbelievers among them with a grievous Punishment.” 

“When the disbelievers had harbored pride in their hearts, the pride of pagan ignorance, Allah sent down His tranquility upon His Messenger (blessings and peace be upon him) and upon the believers, and He made them abide by the Word of God–consciousness, for they were better entitled and more worthy of it. And Allah is All–Knowing of everything.”

(Surah Al–Fat-–h, 48:24–26)

These verses highlight how the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah served Allah’s plan for avoiding bloodshed and spreading Islam in a peaceful environment, ensuring that the message of Islam reached all corners of Arabia.

The Case of Abu Basir (RA)

Shortly after the treaty was signed, a man named Abu Basir (RA) from Makkah embraced Islam and escaped to Madinah without the permission of his parents. Following the terms of the treaty, the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) instructed Abu Basir (RA) to return with two representatives sent by his parents, even though he was reluctant. The Prophet (ﷺ) emphasized the importance of honoring agreements in Islam, advising Abu Basir (RA) to remain patient and trust in Allah.

On the way back, Abu Basir (RA) managed to kill one of his escorts and escape. The other Qurayshi returned to Madinah to report the incident, only to find Abu Basir (RA) already there. Addressing the Prophet (ﷺ), Abu Basir (RA) declared:

“You have fulfilled your duty, O Messenger of Allah, by returning me. But I refuse to return to Makkah, as I cannot compromise my faith.”

After this, Abu Basir (RA) left Madinah and settled at ‘Isa, near the Red Sea, along the trade route between Makkah and Syria.

Formation of the Escaped Muslim Group at ‘Isa

The incident of Abu Basir (RA) inspired other Muslims in Makkah who were unable to migrate to Madinah due to the treaty’s terms. They secretly escaped Makkah and joined Abu Basir (RA) at ‘Isa. Over time, this group grew to about seventy Muslims.

Positioned along the Quraysh’s vital trade route, they began intercepting and attacking Quraysh caravans. This disrupted the Quraysh’s trade with Syria and put them under immense pressure. The Quraysh realized that this situation was unsustainable and would cause greater harm than allowing these Muslims to join the Prophet (ﷺ) in Madinah.  

 The Objectionable Condition of the Treaty Nullified

The most challenging term of the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah stipulated that any male from the Quraysh who converted to Islam and sought refuge in Madinah would be returned to the Quraysh upon request. This condition was deeply disheartening for Muslims, as it appeared unjust and one—sided.

The Quraysh, distressed by the activities of the group at ‘Isa, sent a delegation to the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) in Madinah. They requested that the clause concerning the return of male converts be nullified, allowing these Muslims to join the Prophet (ﷺ) in Madinah. The Prophet (ﷺ) agreed, and the discriminatory condition was effectively canceled. As a result, the group at ‘Isa migrated to Madinah, strengthening the Muslim community.

The Case of Umm Kulthum (RA)

Another incident occurred involving Umm Kulthum bint Uqbah (RA), a Muslim woman who escaped Makkah and sought refuge in Madinah. Her two brothers, who were still non—Muslims, came to Madinah to demand her return under the terms of the treaty.

However, the Prophet (ﷺ) refused their request, stating:

“The treaty mentions men, not women. It is against Islamic principles for a Muslim woman to be returned to a non-–Muslim husband.”

This incident highlighted the distinction in the treatment of men and women under the treaty. To further clarify, Allah (SWT) revealed the following verse in the Qur’an:

“O you who believe, when believing women emigrate to you, test them. Allah is fully aware of their faith. If you know that they are believers, then do not send them back to the disbelievers. They are not lawful for the disbelievers, nor are the disbelievers lawful for them. Give them what the disbelievers have spent. There is no sin on you if you marry them with their due dowries. Do not keep marital relations with disbelieving women. Ask for what you have spent, and they will ask for what they have spent. This is the decree of Allah; He judges between you. Allah is Knowing, Wise.” (Surah Al–Mumtahina, 60:10)

This decree not only nullified the return of believing women but also established guidelines for managing marital relationships between Muslim women and non-–Muslim husbands.

Lessons from these Incidents

1. Faithfulness to Agreements: The Prophet (ﷺ) exemplified the importance of honoring treaties, even when the terms seemed unfavorable, demonstrating that trustworthiness is a core Islamic value.
2. Divine Wisdom: The eventual nullification of the objectionable condition showed that patience and reliance on Allah lead to the resolution of difficulties.
3. Strategic Outcomes: The migration of the group at ‘Isa and the inclusion of believing women in the Muslim community ultimately strengthened Islam and weakened the Quraysh’s resistance.
4. Protection of Women: The Prophet (ﷺ) upheld the rights and dignity of Muslim women, ensuring their safety and religious freedom.

These events reinforced the long–term benefits of the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah and illustrated Allah’s plan to empower the Muslim community through patience and perseverance. 

Threat from Jews of Khaybar

Although the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah ensured peace in the south, the Jewish settlement of Khaybar, located north of Madinah, posed a significant threat to the Muslims. Known for their fortified fortresses and alliances with enemies of Islam, the Jewish tribes of Khaybar had a history of treachery and hostility toward the Muslims.

• Due to continuous non–cooperation and treachery, the Muslims’ peace efforts with them were repeatedly disrupted. They considered themselves brave warriors and expressed their pride and arrogance because of their fortified fortresses and abundant military equipment. However, they were known for their immense power throughout Arabia. 

• Though they claimed to be followers of the monotheistic religion, they were extremely hostile to the monotheistic religion of Islam and Muslims. At various times, their friendship with the enemies of Muslims and even with the pagans who opposed monotheism was noticeable.

So, to establish peaceful environment in the northern region the Prophet (ﷺ) asked the leaders of Jews of Khyber to surrender. But they refused to do so because of their arrogance. 

Battle of Khaybar

The Prophet (ﷺ) led an army of 1,600 Muslims to confront the threat of the Jews of Khaybar. The Jews, confident in their strongholds, refused to surrender, leading to a series of intense battles. They took up positions in their fortified forts and started attacking the Muslim army from there. Heavy attacks and counterattacks began on both sides. The Jews hoped that their ally Banu Ghatfan would come to their aid. But the Muslim army had blocked all the routes of their arrival. Over time, the Muslims captured all ten fortresses of Khaybar.

A notable moment occurred when Hazrat Ali (RA), who was initially afflicted with an eye disease, recovered after the Prophet (ﷺ) applied his saliva to Ali’s eyes. Ali’s bravery was instrumental in the conquest.

• The Qur’an foretold this victory:

وَأُخْرَىٰ تُحِبُّونَهَا ۖ نَصْرٌ مِّنَ اللَّهِ وَفَتْحٌ قَرِيبٌ ۗ وَبَشِّرِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ۝

“And another [favor] that you love: help from Allah and a coming victory. Give good tidings to the believers.” (Surah As–Saff: 61:13)

After their defeat, the Jews surrendered. The Prophet (ﷺ) showed leniency, allowing them to remain in Khaybar and work their lands in exchange for half of their harvest. This policy ensured stability and security in the northern region of Madinah.  

Aftermaths of the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah

By resolving conflicts with the Quraysh, the treaty removed barriers to the propagation of Islam and allowed the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) to focus on his mission of spreading Islam in general. As a result, a new momentum was set in the rapid propagation and expansion of Islam in the Arabian Peninsula.

Preaching and Spreading Islam in a Peaceful Environment

The Treaty of Hudaybiyyah ushered in a pivotal period of peace and stability for the Muslim community, creating an environment conducive to preaching and spreading Islam. Hazrat Muhammad (ﷺ) was not only the Prophet and Messenger of Allah but also a profound example for humanity in all aspects of life—spiritual and worldly. His role extended far beyond that of a missionary or spiritual teacher; he embodied the qualities of an ideal leader, mentor, and guide for people in both this world and the Hereafter.

• With Madinah already established as a model Muslim society, the Prophet (ﷺ) became a beacon of moral and spiritual guidance. His teachings on monotheism, equality, and peace resonated across the Arabian Peninsula, elevating a superstitious and tribalistic society into a more enlightened and civilized one.

• The message the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ)  brought was one of Tawhid (the oneness of God), emphasizing the worship of Allah alone. It also promoted values of equality, friendship, peace, and justice that transcended tribal divisions and personal interests. His teachings not only reformed individuals but also transformed societies, leading them away from superstition and barbarism to enlightenment and civilization.

• Those who had the privilege of interacting with the Prophet (ﷺ) experienced profound changes in their lives. They became exemplary individuals, embodying the principles of faith, compassion, and righteousness. 

Through his unparalleled character, wisdom, and mercy, Hazrat Muhammad (ﷺ) illuminated the path to both personal and collective success, leaving an enduring legacy that continues to inspire humanity.

 Islam’s Universal Call to Humanity

The religion of Islam, through the guidance of the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ), delivered a universal message that transcended boundaries, reaching rulers and ordinary people alike. The essence of this divine call was rooted in aligning with the natural disposition (fitrah) upon which Allah created humanity, as emphasized in the Qur’an:

“(O Prophet) So direct your face toward the religion, inclining to truth. (Adhere to) the fitrah (nature) of Allah, upon which He created mankind. There is no change in the creation of Allah. This is the right religion. But most people do not know.” (Surah AR–Rum, 30:30)

This message invited all of humanity to embrace faith, seek Allah’s guidance, and find healing, light, and mercy through the Qur’an:

“O mankind, there has come to you a reminder (the Qur’an) from your Lord, a healing for what is in your hearts, and a guidance and a mercy for the believers. Say, ‘In it they should rejoice, out of the grace of Allah and His mercy. That is the best of all that they accumulate’.” (Surah Yunus, 10:57–58)

The Prophet’s (ﷺ) Letters of Invitation to the Kings and Rulers toward Islam

The period following the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah and the Battle of Khaybar was marked by relative peace, enabling the Prophet (ﷺ) to expand the propagation of Islam. During this time, he sent letters inviting rulers and tribes across and beyond Arabia to embrace Islam. 

• Kings and Leaders Contacted
  

1. 1. Roman Emperor Heraclius, 
   2. Persian Emperor Khusrau II, 
   3. Negus Aramah of Abyssinia,
   4. The Marquis, ruler of Egypt, 
   5. Harith Ghassan, governor of Syria, 
   6. Munjir ibn Sawah, ruler of Bahrain, 
   7. Abd and Jafar, joint rulers of Oman, 
   8. Prince Himayri of Yemen, Harith ibn Abd Kulal,
   9. Princesses of Yamama, Dumama and Hawza ibn Ali
      

Each letter was sealed with the inscription: “Muhammadur Rasulullah” (Muhammad, the Messenger of Allah).

• A Replica of The Prophet’s letter to the Roman Emperor:

“In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful. From the servant of Allah and His Messenger, Muhammad, to the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius. Peace be upon him who follows the guidance. I invite you to Islam. If you accept, you will find peace and security, and Allah will reward you doubly. But if you reject, you will bear the burden of your people’s sins.” I recite to you the words of Allah: 

“(O Prophet) Say:) ‘O People of the Book, let us come to a common word between us: that we worship none but Allah, associate no partners with Him, and do not take one another as lords besides Allah. But if they turn away, say, ‘Bear witness that we are Muslims.” (Surah Aal—e–Imran: 3:64)

• Reactions to the Letters:

1. 1. Positive Responses: The Negus of Abyssinia and the Prince of Yemen accepted Islam. Many rulers showed respect for the Prophet’s message, even if they did not embrace Islam.
   2. Hostile Responses:
      • The Persian Emperor Khusrau II tore the letter, displaying arrogance.
      • The governor of Busra, Shurahbil, killed the Muslim envoy, triggering future conflicts.
   3. Diplomatic Rejections: Most other rulers declined the invitation politely, maintaining diplomatic relations.

• The Prophet’s Interaction with Emperor Heraclius: When the letter reached Emperor Heraclius, he was intrigued and sought confirmation about the Prophet (ﷺ). Despite recognizing the truth of Islam, Heraclius feared losing his empire if he converted. According to historical accounts, Heraclius remarked:

“I know he is a true prophet, but I fear my people will rebel against me.”

• • Reference from Hadith: In the hadith narrated by Hazrat Anas ibn Malik, after writing the above letter, the Prophet (ﷺ) said: 

‘Who is it that will reach this letter of mine to Caesar and gain Paradise in return?’ 

One of the people present said: ‘Even if I am not killed?’ 

The Prophet (ﷺ) said: ‘Even if you are not killed.’ 

The man delivered the letter to the emperor. After reading the letter, the emperor called the chief priest. He read it and ordered the palace doors to be closed. Then he ordered someone to announce: 

‘Caesar has definitely become a follower of Muhammad and has abandoned Christianity.’

 With this announcement, armed soldiers surrounded him in the palace. Caesar then said to the Prophet (ﷺ): ‘Do you see that I am afraid of my empire?’ 

Then he ordered one of them to announce: 

‘Certainly, Caesar is pleased with you that he wanted to see how sincere you are in your religion. So go back.’ 

The soldiers went back. Caesar then wrote to the Prophet (ﷺ): 

‘Certainly, I am a Muslim,’ and he sent him some gold coins. 

When Caesar’s letter was read to him, the Prophet (ﷺ) said: 

‘The enemy of Allah has lied. He is not a Muslim; he is on the Christian religion.’ (Sahih Ibn Hisban 4504) 

The Lessons Learnt:

• Strategic Diplomacy: The Prophet’s (ﷺ) letters showcased Islam’s universal message, transcending tribal and national boundaries.

• Leniency in Victory: The treatment of the Jews after the conquest of Khaybar exemplifies the Prophet’s (ﷺ) justice and mercy.

• Global Vision: The Prophet (ﷺ) demonstrated that Islam was not confined to Arabia but was a global message for all of humanity.

• Enduring Patience: Despite mixed reactions, the Prophet (ﷺ) persevered, laying the groundwork for Islam’s future expansion.

Through peaceful propagation, military strategy, and moral leadership, the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) transformed the Arabian Peninsula into a beacon of faith and civilization.