Performing Umrah-ul-Qada

The event of Umrah–ul–Qada (the “Umrah of Fulfillment”) holds great significance in Islamic history, as it marked the fulfillment of the Muslims’ intention to perform Umrah after being prevented from doing so the previous year due to the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah. This journey demonstrated the commitment of the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) and his companions to honor their covenant with the Quraysh while adhering to their religious obligations. Here is a summary of the key events and lessons from this historic journey:

Preparation and Departure for Umrah-ul-Qada

• Treaty Provisions and Intentions: As per the terms of the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, the Muslims were allowed to return to Makkah the following year to perform Umrah. This journey was not just a fulfillment of a missed religious duty but also a demonstration of the growing strength and unity of the Muslim community.

• Hajj Caravan: A group of approximately 2,000 Muslims set out with the Prophet (ﷺ), including the emigrant Muslims who had left their homes in Makkah for the sake of Islam. This caravan included 60 sacrificial animals, emphasizing their peaceful intentions.

• Advance Security Measures: The Prophet (ﷺ) sent a 100–member advance party under the command of Muhammad ibn Maslama (RA) to monitor the situation and ensure there was no mischief from the Quraysh. As to observe sanctity and restraint in the sacred month Allah (SWT) says:

“A sacred month for a sacred month, and equality in all sacred things. If anyone oppresses you, oppress as they oppress you. And fear Allah – Allah is with those who fear Him.” (Surah Bakara, 2:194)

• Entering Makkah: Wearing the Ihram, the Muslims entered Makkah, chanting the Talbiyah:

“Labbayk Allahumma Labbayk” (Here I am, O Allah, here I am).

Their peaceful yet awe–inspiring presence dressed up with white ‘Irham’ left a deep impression on the Quraysh, who had vacated the city for three days as agreed in the treaty.

Performing the Rituals: 

• Circumambulating the Ka’ba: The Prophet (ﷺ) led the Muslims in Tawaf (circumambulation) of the Ka’ba, starting by kissing the Black Stone (Hajr Aswad). The companions followed his example.

• Safa and Marwa: The Muslims completed the Sa’i (ritual of walking between the hills of Safa and Marwa). They sacrificed animals near Marwa and then shaved their heads as part of the rituals.

• Prayers at the Ka’ba: The Prophet (ﷺ) led the Zuhr prayer at the Ka’ba. Hazrat Bilal (RA), the first Mu’azzin of Islam, ascended the roof of the Ka’ba to give the Adhan (call to prayer), an act that symbolized the triumph of Islam.

• Unity and Humility: The rituals were performed with remarkable humility and order, reflecting the unity and discipline of the Muslim Ummah. 

Interaction with the Quraysh

• Observations by the Quraysh: Although most Quraysh leaders observed from nearby mountains, many ordinary Makkahns witnessed the Muslims’ worship. The sight deeply moved them and softened their hearts towards Islam.

• Visiting Their Homes: The emigrants showed their Ansar brothers the homes and places they had left behind in Makkah, sharing memories and experiences.

Prophet’s (ﷺ) Wedding with Hazrat Maimuna’s (RA) 

During their stay, Hazrat Maimuna (RA), a pious woman from Makkah, sent a marriage proposal to the Prophet (ﷺ), which he accepted. His intention to hold a feast for the Quraysh following the marriage was not realized due to their refusal.

Departure from Makkah and its Impact

After completing the rituals and the three days allotted in Makkah, the Muslims returned to Madinah in accordance with the treaty. This event kept deep impact on the hearts of the Quraysh of Makkah:

• Softening of Hearts: The peaceful and disciplined conduct of the Muslims during Umrah deeply influenced the Quraysh. Many of their leaders began to feel a strong inclination towards Islam, paving the way for future conversions.

Lessons from Umrah-ul-Qada

• Commitment to Covenants: The journey demonstrated the Muslims’ adherence to agreements, highlighting their integrity and the peaceful nature of their mission.

• Unity and Devotion: The collective participation of the Muslims and their unwavering faith were exemplary. Their actions embodied the principles of discipline, humility, and devotion.

• Dawah through Example: The conduct of the Muslims served as a powerful means of dawah (invitation to Islam), showing the beauty of Islamic worship and values.

• Strategic Wisdom: The Prophet (ﷺ) ensured security and maintained the dignity of the Muslim community, balancing firmness and peace in dealings with the Quraysh.

The Umrah-ul-Qada became a milestone in Islamic history, demonstrating the strength, unity, and steadfastness of the Muslim community, which ultimately led to the eventual conquest of Makkah and the widespread acceptance of Islam.

Prominent People’s Declaration of Allegiance to Islam

The Muslims’ demonstration of discipline and devotion during Umrah–ul–Qada had a profound impact on the Quraysh and the people of Makkah. Many were moved by the peaceful yet powerful sight of the Muslim community performing their rituals, leading to a change in attitudes toward Islam. This was a pivotal moment in Islamic history, marked by notable conversions:

• Khalid ibn Walid’s Conversion: The Makkahns were enchanted by the wonderful heavenly scene during the Muslims’ Umrah–ul–Qada. Its effect created an inner change among them. As a result, their radical attitude towards Islam began to change. A shining example of this was Khalid bin Walid.

• Background: Khalid ibn Walid’s family had suffered losses in the Battle of Badr, and he had opposed Islam vehemently. He had lost his father, paternal uncle and paternal brother in the Battle of Badr. He was known for his strategic genius, had previously led the Quraysh to victory against the Muslims in the Battle of Uhud. A year earlier, he had led the Quraysh army to prevent the Muslim Hajj pilgrims from entering Makkah. 

• Acceptance of Islam: The heart of that Khalid bin Walid was illuminated by the light of Islam. He publicly announced his acceptance of Islam. 

• Reaction of Quraysh Leaders: This angered the Quraysh leaders. They reminded him of the loss of his relatives in the Battle of Badr. He said: 

‘That was the age of ignorance. Now the truth has come to me. That is why I have embraced Islam.’ 

Then he went to Madinah and met the Prophet (ﷺ).

• Impact: Khalid’s conversion was a turning point, as he would later become one of Islam’s greatest military leaders and earn the title Saifullah (Sword of Allah). 

• Amr ibn al-As and Uthman ibn Talha:

• These two prominent Quraysh leaders also embraced Islam shortly after Khalid. Their conversion further opened the hearts of Makkahns to Islam, signaling a shift in the city’s collective attitude.

Attack on Islamic Missionary Groups

The efforts of the Prophet (ﷺ) to spread Islam faced significant resistance, as exemplified by two separate tragic incidents that befell the Islamic missionary team.

• Incident with the Banu Sulaym Tribe:

1. Missionary Team: A group of 25 Muslims was sent to preach Islam among the Banu Sulaym tribe. Betrayed by the tribe, they were ambushed and killed, except for one survivor.
2. Response: The Prophet (ﷺ) led a campaign against the tribe, defeating them and avenging the loss.

• Incident at Dhat Talha: Another group of 15 Muslims was sent to preach Islam near the Syrian border among the Murrah tribe. Similarly, they were betrayed and killed, with only one survivor.

• Sacrifice for Propagation: The tragic deaths of Islamic missionaries emphasize the high cost of spreading Islam in its early days. The steadfast commitment of the companions, even in the face of betrayal and death, remains a powerful example for future generations.

 Battle of Muta and its Background 

The Battle of Muta was a landmark confrontation between the Muslim army and the Byzantine Empire, occurring in the 8th year of the Hijri calendar. This battle illustrated the courage, faith, and strategic brilliance of the Muslim army.

The battle was initiated in response to the killing of a Muslim envoy, an act that violated diplomatic norms. The Holy Prophet (ﷺ) sent an army of 3000 soldiers under the command of Hazrat Zayd ibn Harith (RA) to avenge the killing of a Muslim envoy by the Roman provincial governor of Busra, Shorahbil ibn Amr Ghassani.

Leadership of the Muslim Army and its Strategy 

The Prophet (ﷺ) appointed Zayd ibn Harith (RA) as the commander with an instruction that  in case of his martyrdom Jafar ibn Abi Talib (RA) and Abdullah ibn Rawaha (RA) would be the successive commanders. It is worth noting that the newly converted Muslim Khalid ibn Walid (RA) voluntarily joined this army.

• Huge Size of Roman Army: When the Muslim army reached a place called Mayan, they learned of the large gathering of the enemy army – numbering about 150,000. In addition to the Roman soldiers, their allies in this army were the Arab Christians and polytheist tribesmen of that place. 
• Initial Confusion: The Muslims were confused about the ability of such a small army to face such a large army. They thought of informing the Prophet (ﷺ). 
• The Spirit of Faith: Despite being vastly outnumbered—3,000 Muslims against 150,000 enemy soldiers—the Muslim army displayed remarkable resolve. The spirit of faith and martyrdom was aroused and strengthened in them by the eloquent speech of Hazrat Abdullah ibn Rawha (RA). They put their trust in Almighty Allah (SWT). 
• Camped at Muta: The Muslim Army camped in a village called Muta on the eastern bank of the Jordan River.

Beginning of an Unequal War

A very small Muslim army, being vibrant with their firm determination, solid faith in Allah (SWT) and spirit of martyrdom, decided to engage in an unequal battle against a large enemy army. Their thought of being outnumbered was removed from their minds. Now they advanced forward to fight back the huge enemy army.

• Hazrat Zayd (RA), the commander of the flag of Islam, led the Muslim army, strong in faith and inspired by the spirit of martyrdom, broke through the enemy lines and entered the battlefield. They killed the enemy one after another. The Roman soldiers attacked Hazrat Zayd (RA) from all sides. Zayd ibn Harith (RA) was martyred while leading the charge with the flag of Islam.

• Hazrat Jafar ibn Abu Talib (RA) took up the flag in a moment. With the flag in his right hand and the staff in his left, he continued to attack the enemy in a relentless attack. The enemy also surrounded him. He jumped down from his horse and charged at the enemy. At one point, when the enemy cut off his right hand, he held the flag in his left hand. Then, when his left hand was cut off, he held the flag high with both arms. 

Jafar ibn Abi Talib (RA), known for his bravery, continued the fight even after losing both hands, holding the flag with his arms until he too was martyred.

• Hazrat Abdullah ibn Rawaha’s (RA) turn came to hold the flag. Thinking about the war situation, he delayed for a few moments in holding his flag. Finally, shaking off all thoughts, he immediately entered the enemy’s camp with the flag in hand and continued to kill the enemy with his arrows. He rallied the troops with his inspiring words. Finally, he too was martyred.

When the 3 commanders were martyred in a row, the Muslim army decided to entrust the responsibility of the command to the famous Quraysh hero and newly converted to Islam, Hazrat Khalid ibn Walid (RA).  

Reorganization of Muslim Army by Khalid ibn Walid (RA)

Just after assuming command he quickly restored morale and discipline in the Muslim army. His tactical acumen excelled as he reorganized the army in a new way and repelled the enemy’s attack. Nine swords of Hazrat Khalid (RA) were broken in the combat while killing the enemy. For this outstanding heroism and valor the Prophet (ﷺ) bestowed upon him the title of ‘Saifullah’ (Sword of Allah). 

• Halt of First Day Battle: Meanwhile, as evening approached, the first day’s battle came to a halt. On the first day, the morale, bravery and determination of the Muslim army and the huge loss of the enemy army were noticeable. 
• Restoration of New Strategy: At night, Khalid (RA) resorted to a strategy. He kept a part of the army slightly back from the battlefield and the next day, these soldiers joined the Muslim army with the sound of Takbir. This made the enemy army think that new troops had gathered in the Muslim army. 

The Enemy Army Lost Courage to Continue War 

Despite being in great numbers, the enemy army lost courage on the second day. Due to the indomitable courage and heroism of the Muslim soldiers, their fighting spirit declined and they showed weakness in attacking again. 

• Muslim Army’s Reaction: Seeing the enemy army standing still, the Muslim army also refrained from attacking again. Finally, the commander Khalid (RA) skillfully withdrew his army from the battlefield and returned to Madinah. 
• None had Decisive Victory: In fact, neither side could achieve a final victory in this war.

The Mournful Scene in Madinah After the Battle of Muta

The aftermath of the Battle of Muta brought profound grief to the people of Madinah. The loss of three beloved commanders—Hazrat Zayd ibn Harith (RA), Hazrat Jafar ibn Abu Talib (RA), and Hazrat Abdullah ibn Rawaha (RA)—along with other Muslim soldiers, deeply affected the community.

Revelation of the Martyrdom

Before any official messenger arrived with news from the battlefield, the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ), through divine revelation, informed the people of Madinah about the events of the battle. He described the sequence of command transitions and the martyrdom of the three commanders:

• Zayd ibn Harith (RA): “Zayd took the flag and was martyred.”

• Jafar ibn Abu Talib (RA): “Jafar took it and was martyred.”

• Abdullah ibn Rawaha (RA): “Then Abdullah ibn Rawaha took it and was also martyred.”

With tears flowing, the Prophet (ﷺ) continued, “Then a sword took the flag, which was the “Sword of Allah,” referring to Hazrat Khalid ibn Walid (RA), who led the Muslims to safety with remarkable strategic acumen. (Sahih Bukhari, Hadith Nos. 4261, 4262, 4264)

The Heroic Sacrifice of Jafar (RA)

Hazrat Jafar ibn Abu Talib (RA), known for his courage and faith, was martyred with 90 wounds on his body. Both his hands were severed as he held the flag, earning him the title of “The Man with Two Wings” in Paradise. This title symbolizes his esteemed rank among the martyrs. (Sahih Bukhari, Hadith No. 4264)

Prophet’s (ﷺ) Tears and Consolation

The Prophet (ﷺ) was deeply moved by the grief of the bereaved families in Madinah. Women and children mourned the loss of their loved ones with heart–wrenching cries. Despite his immense patience, the Prophet (ﷺ) could not hold back his tears, demonstrating his profound compassion and humanity. When questioned about his tears, he explained:

“I am also a human being, and tears are an expression of human emotion.”

However, the Prophet (ﷺ) forbade excessive mourning practices such as loud wailing, a common custom in Arab society. He advised the people to replace such expressions with patience and supplication, praying for the martyrs’ forgiveness and high ranks in the Hereafter.

Hazrat Khalid ibn Walid’s (RA) Testimony

In recounting the battle, Hazrat Khalid ibn Walid (RA), who was later titled “Saifullah” (The Sword of Allah), said:

“On the day of the Battle of Muta, nine swords were broken by my hand, and only a Yemeni sword remained in my hand.” (Sahih Bukhari, Hadith No. 4266)

This testimony reflects the ferocity of the battle and Khalid’s extraordinary bravery and skill as a commander.

Outcome and Key Lessons from These Events

Although neither side achieved a decisive victory, the battle demonstrated the Muslims’ ability to confront powerful enemies with faith, unity, and strategy. The large numbered enemy army lost their courage to continue fighting with a very small Muslim army observing their unique ability to fight back.

1. Strength in Faith:

• The resilience and bravery of Muslim leaders and soldiers in the Battle of Muta showed the strength derived from unshakable faith.

1. Leadership and Unity:

• The Prophet’s (ﷺ) ability to inspire and guide his followers, even in challenging circumstances, laid the foundation for their success.

• Khalid ibn Walid’s emergence as a key military leader illustrates the importance of strategic thinking and leadership in overcoming adversity.

These events collectively contributed to the eventual triumph of Islam, solidifying the Muslim community’s resolve and paving the way for its expansion.

• Key Lessons Learnt from the Incident

1. 1. Compassion of the Prophet (ﷺ):

• The Prophet (ﷺ) showed that grief is natural but should be balanced with patience and trust in Allah (SWT).

• His tears underscored the depth of his love for his companions and his humanity.

1. 1. Exemplary Sacrifice:

• The unwavering bravery and faith of the martyrs, especially Hazrat Jafar (RA) with his severed hands, inspire Muslims to remain steadfast in the face of adversity.

1. 1. Leadership and Strategy:

• The role of Khalid ibn Walid (RA) highlights the importance of strong leadership and tactical brilliance even in seemingly hopeless situations.

1. 1. Honor of Martyrdom:

• The sacrifices of the martyrs of Muta remind Muslims of the eternal honor and rewards of those who die in the cause of Allah (SWT).

The Battle of Muta stands as a testament to the resilience, faith, and sacrifice of the early Muslims, whose legacy continues to inspire the Muslim Ummah. 

The Campaign of Dhat-us-Salasil

The Dhat-us-Salasil campaign was a significant military expedition led by the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) to strengthen the Muslim position on the Syrian border and ensure the security of Madinah. This event followed shortly after the Battle of Muta in the 8th year of Hijri.

• Key Details of the Campaign

1. Commander and Context:

• The Prophet (ﷺ) appointed Amr ibn al-As (RA), a recent convert to Islam, as the commander of the expedition.

• Amr ibn al–As’s familiarity with the region and its inhabitants was crucial, as it was near his hometown.

• The objective was to neutralize a potential threat from hostile Syrian tribes allied with the Byzantines.

1. Request for Reinforcements:

• Upon assessing the strength of the enemy forces, Amr ibn al–As (RA) realized the need for additional troops.

• He sent a request to the Prophet (ﷺ) for reinforcements, highlighting the deteriorating situation.

1. Auxiliary Army and Unity:

• The Prophet (ﷺ) dispatched a supporting army under the leadership of Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah (RA).

• High-ranking companions like Abu Bakr (RA) and Umar ibn al-Khattab (RA) were part of this auxiliary force.

• Abu Ubaidah (RA) was instructed to collaborate harmoniously with Amr ibn al–As (RA), despite the latter’s recent conversion and relative inexperience in leading senior companions.

Outcome:

• The Muslim army, now strengthened, launched the expedition with strategic precision.

• They successfully dispersed the Syrian army and neutralized the threat from hostile tribes in the region.

• This victory bolstered Muslim influence on the Syrian border and enhanced the security of Madinah.

Significance of the Campaign and Lessons Learnt

1. Strategic Importance:

• The Dhat—us–Salasil campaign ensured that the northern borders of the Muslim state were secure from Byzantine–aligned threats.

• It marked the beginning of Muslim influence in regions closer to Byzantine territories.

1. Leadership and Cooperation:

• The campaign demonstrated the Prophet’s (ﷺ) strategic wisdom in appointing commanders like Amr ibn al–As (RA), leveraging their local knowledge and connections.

• The harmonious collaboration between Amr ibn al–As (RA) and Abu Ubaidah (RA) showed the unity and discipline of the Muslim army, even with diverse leadership styles.

• The conversions of prominent figures like Khalid ibn Walid and Amr ibn al–As highlight the transformative power of Islam’s message.

1. Boost in Morale and Prestige:

• The victory further elevated the confidence of the Muslim forces after the challenging Battle of Muta.

• It enhanced the Muslims’ reputation among neighboring tribes, many of whom began reconsidering their alliances with the Byzantines.