The Advent of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ): The Mercy to the Worlds

The advent of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) is exalted in the Holy Qur’an, where he is described as “a Mercy to the worlds” (Surah Al–Anbiyaa, 21:107). Almighty Allah (SWT), the Creator and Sustainer of all existence, sent His beloved servant endowed with unmatched virtues and noble character. As the final Prophet and Messenger, he was entrusted with the divine mission of guiding humanity to the straight path—Sirat al–Mustaqeem.

The Qur’an, revealed to him as a complete and timeless guide, illuminated his way. He embodied its teachings in every aspect of his life, demonstrating their practical application with steadfast devotion and compassion. His entire life stands as a radiant testament to his role as a guide, model, and mercy for all creation.

The coming of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) marked a momentous turning point in human history, signifying the completion and perfection of the prophetic tradition. With his mission, the chain of prophethood reached its divinely ordained conclusion. No prophet or messenger will come after him, for he is Khatam an–Nabiyyin—the Seal of the Prophets (Qur’an: Surah Al Ahzab, 33:40). This finality affirms his message as the ultimate and universal guidance for humankind until the Day of Judgment. Thus, the Qur’an designates him as Uswatul Hasanah— “The best and most perfect example” (Qur’an: Surah Al Ahzab, 33:21)—a model for all people, in all times, and in all walks of life.

He was born in Makkah into the Quraysh tribe, descended from Prophet Ibrahim (Abraham) through his son Ismail (Ishmael). His birth occurred in the “Year of the Elephant” (Aiyam al–Fīl), the year of Abraha’s failed expedition against the Kaʿbah—approximately 570 CE (Ibn Hisham, Sirah al–Nabawiyya; Encyclopedia Britannica, 2024) as reflected in the Qur’anic reference to the protection of the Kaʿbah in Surah al–Fīl (105:1-5). Although not confirmed, his date of birth was found either the 9th or the 12th of Rabi’ al–Awwal, 570 CE. While scholars agree on the month of Rabi al–Awwal, the precise date remains debated. Early reports cite either the 9th or 12th of Rabi al-Awwal, though exact determination is uncertain (Ibn Sa’d, al–Ṭabaqat al–Kubra; Islam QA Fatwa 47115).

Tragically, his father, Abdullah ibn Muttalib, passed away during a trading journey two months before his birth, leaving him paternally orphaned from the very beginning stage of his life. His mother, Aminah Bint Wahb, passed away when he was six years old (Ibn Ishaaq/Ibn Hishaam; Ibn Kathir, al–Bidayah wa al–Nihaya). 

Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) belonged to the prestigious Hashemite branch of the Quraysh clan of Makkah, tracing his lineage back to Prophet Ibrahim (AS) and his son, Prophet Ismail (AS). The twelfth ancestor of the Prophet, Nayr ibn Kenanah, was the custodian of the Ka’ba, and his descendants came to be known as the Quraysh.

Belonging to the noble Hashemite tribe of the Quraysh clan, his lineage was deeply rooted in the legacy of the custodianship of the Ka’ba. Upon his birth, his grandfather, Abd–al Muttalib, assumed guardianship of the orphan child with great joy. He carried the newborn to the Ka’ba to offer his gratitude to Allah. 

Hazrat Muhammad’s (ﷺ) grandfather, Abd al–Muttalib (whose real name was Shaybah), was the son of Hashim, the leader of the Quraysh, and the grandson of Abd al–Manaf. Shaybah, later known as Abd–al Muttalib, held a revered position in Makkah as one of its patriarchs and the custodian of the Holy Ka’ba. His youngest son, Abdullah, was the father of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ). His mother, Amina bint Wahhab, came from the Zuhra tribe near Madinah.

Abd al–Muttalib named the baby ‘Muhammad’, meaning praised. This name was unique and unfamiliar in the region. When asked about his choice of this extraordinary name he responded, “I have named him Muhammad, hoping that my grandson will be praised everywhere—in the heavens and on earth.” To celebrate his grandson’s birth, Abd–al Muttalib slaughtered a camel and hosted a feast for his relatives and the leaders of Quraysh. 

The Story of the Sacrifice Related to the Prophet’s Father, Abdullah

Abdullah, the youngest and most beloved son of Abd al–Muttalib, was admired in Makkah for his handsome appearance, gentle nature, and upright character. While re–digging the Zamzam well, Abd al–Muttalib vowed that if Allah (SWT) blessed him with ten sons, he would sacrifice one of them before the Ka‘ba. His prayer was answered, and when the time came, a lottery among his sons selected Abdullah’s name.

Although heartbroken, Abd al–Muttalib prepared to fulfill his vow. However, family and townspeople urged him to seek an alternative. A wise elder advised ransoming Abdullah’s life with camels. Abd al–Muttalib agreed, drawing lots between Abdullah and a group of camels—each time increasing the camels by ten. Remarkably, Abdullah’s name was drawn repeatedly until the number reached one hundred, at which point the lot fell to the camels. They were sacrificed, and Abdullah’s life was spared.

Abdullah later married Amina Bint Wahhab of the noble Zuhra tribe. Though he worked as a merchant, he lived modestly. On a return journey from Syria, he fell ill and passed away in Madinah at the home of his maternal relatives, leaving Amina pregnant with their only child. He never lived to see the birth of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ), who would become the final Messenger of Allah (SWT) and the greatest man to walk the earth.

Childhood of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ)

Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) was the posthumous orphan child as his father, Abdullah, passed away before his birth, leaving him an orphan even before he entered the world. The early childhood of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) was marked by significant events that shaped his character and life. Born in 570 CE in Makkah, he belonged to the noble Hashemite clan of the Quraysh tribe. His mother, Amina, cared for him but also passed away when he was just six years old.

Under the Care of Wet–nurse Halimah

In accordance with the Arabian custom of the time, noble families entrusted their newborns to wet nurses from the desert tribes. Muhammad’s (ﷺ) mother, Amina, entrusted him to Halimah Sa’diyah, a woman from the Banu Sa’d tribe near Ta’if.

Halimah’s household experienced immense blessings upon receiving the infant Muhammad (ﷺ). Her family’s fortunes transformed, and their home became filled with barakah (blessings) from the moment he arrived. Halimah lovingly cared for him, nurturing him in the pristine desert environment, which contributed to his physical growth and health.

After two years, Halimah brought the child back to his mother, Amina. However, due to an epidemic in Makkah, Amina requested Halimah to take him back and care for him for a longer period. As a result, Muhammad (ﷺ) stayed with Halimah’s family for approximately five years. During this time, he became proficient in the eloquent Arabic of the desert and developed an exemplary character that earned the admiration of those around him.

Throughout his life, Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) maintained a deep affection and respect for Halimah and her family. He often expressed gratitude for their love and care, treating his milk siblings with kindness and respect.  

The Miracle of the Chest–Cleaving Incident

During the stay of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) with his foster mother, Halimah Sa’diyah, a miraculous event known as the Shaqq al–Sadr (the Splitting of the Chest) occurred when he was about four or five years old. This extraordinary event is mentioned in the Hadith collection Sahih Muslim, narrated by Hazrat Anas (RA):

“The incident took place while young Muhammad (ﷺ) was playing with other children. Angel Jibreel (Gabriel, peace be upon him) appeared before him, laid him down on his back, and opened his chest. Jibreel removed a portion of his heart, saying, ‘This is the part of satanic temptation.’  He then washed the heart with the pure water of the Zamzam well, placed it back in his chest, and restored him to his natural state.”

“Startled by this event, Muhammad’s (ﷺ) milk siblings ran to Halimah and exclaimed that he had been attacked. The family hurried to find him sitting pale and frightened but unharmed. Although they initially suspected supernatural involvement, the incident was a divine intervention to purify the heart of the future Prophet, preparing him for his noble mission.”

The event is alluded to in the Holy Qur’an:

“Did We not expand for you, [O Muhammad], your breast? And We removed from you your burden, which had weighed upon your back.” (Surah Inshirah, 94:1–3)

This miracle was a significant moment in the early life of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ), signifying divine preparation for his future role as the Messenger of Allah.

Loss of his Beloved Mother 

After returning home from Halima’s house, Amina, the mother of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ), took her son and their servant, Umm Ayman, on a journey to visit relatives in Madinah. During this visit, she showed young Muhammad(ﷺ)  the grave of his father, Abdullah. They stayed in Madinah for about a month. However, tragedy struck on their return journey to Makkah. Amina fell severely ill and passed away at a place called Abwa, about three miles from Madinah.

This devastating loss deeply affected young Muhammad (ﷺ). Already fatherless, the orphaned boy witnessed the passing of his beloved mother before his eyes. It was an unimaginably difficult time for the Muhammad (ﷺ) a young boy of 6 years age. 

Under the Care of His Grandfather, Abd al–Muttalib

Following Amina’s death, Muhammad’s grandfather, Abd–al Muttalib, assumed responsibility for his upbringing. He showered his grandson with affection, treating him with exceptional care and attention. He kept young Muhammad (ﷺ) by his side at all times, even allowing him to sit beside him during his gatherings at the Ka’ba as chieftain of the Quraysh.

Demise of Grandfather Abd al–Muttalib

Unfortunately, this cherished bond was short–lived. The beloved grandfather and guardian Abd–al Muttalib passed away two years later at the age of eighty, leaving Muhammad (ﷺ). The loss of his grandfather marked another shocking chapter in the life of the young orphan. Abd–al Muttalib’s death also diminished the Hashemite tribe’s influence and prestige, as they lost a wise and respected leader.

In the Care of His Uncle, Abu Talib

After Abd al–Muttalib’s passing, Muhammad’s (ﷺ) uncle, Abu Talib was pleased to take over his care. Abu Talib, though he was not a wealthy person, but known for his noble character and generosity. Among Abd al–Muttalib’s sons, Abu Talib held the highest social status and became the chief of the Quraysh clan.

Abu Talib embraced the responsibility of raising Muhammad (ﷺ) with genuine affection and commitment. Despite his financial hardship, he supported his nephew wholeheartedly. Since the young age, Muhammad’s (ﷺ) exemplary qualities deeply impressed Abu Talib, and he continued to protect and guide him throughout his life. 

His Education

Under Abu Talib’s guardianship, Muhammad (ﷺ) grew into a calm and thoughtful individual. As a teenager, he accompanied his uncle on a trade journey to Syria, where he gained valuable experience. Being left without formal education, Muhammad (ﷺ)  spent much of his youth tending sheep and goats as a shepherd. Through these early experiences, he developed a profound connection with nature and a reflective temperament. His school was the vast, open world around him, which shaped his character and thinking. Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) is famously referred to as ‘Al–Ummi’ (the unlettered one) in the Holy Qur’an. This title highlights the fact that he had not received any formal education and could neither read nor write. Even as a child, Muhammad (ﷺ) stood apart from his peers. His demeanor was serene, his speech measured, and his actions carried a divine influence, reflecting the noble destiny awaiting him.

Adolescence and Early Adulthood of Muhammad (ﷺ)

Under the care of his uncle Abu Talib, Muhammad (ﷺ) transitioned from adolescence into adulthood. The coarse and brutish culture of the time could not influence him, as he grew up in a sphere of purity and elevated thought.

Muhammad (ﷺ) was entirely untouched by the paganism and superstitious practices that dominated Arabian society. The idolatry and blind rituals of his time were abhorrent to him. He remained free from the moral and ethical contradictions of his community, staying clear of conflicts, infidelity, indecency, and immorality. The degeneration of his society caused him great pain, and he longed to find a way to guide it toward enlightenment.

Pre–Prophetic Life of Muhammad (ﷺ)

Recognition of His Noble Character

From the young age, Hazrat Muhammad (ﷺ) was admired for his exceptional character, including his honesty, truthfulness, and sociable demeanor. His character stood out even in the rough and rugged society of Arabia. He was consistently truthful, never uttering a lie, and his faithfulness and modesty were unmatched. As he matured, Muhammad’s (ﷺ) remarkable character became widely recognized. He earned the titles of ‘As–Sadiq’ (the truthful) and ‘Al–Amin’ (the trustworthy). 

His reputation for trustworthiness was so widely acknowledged that people from various tribes, even rival groups, entrusted their valuables to him without hesitation, earning him the title of Al–Amin (The Trustworthy). His dedication to philanthropy and social welfare activities was well recognized within the community. 

Engaged in Uncle’s Business

When Muhammad (ﷺ) reached teenage his uncle Abu Talib wanted him to be engaged in his business. So Muhammad (ﷺ) started accompanying with uncle’s trade caravans to Syria. These travels helped him to be exposed to various cultures and environments, further broadening his perspective.

On one such journey, he traveled with Abu Talib to Bosra in Syria. During the trip, they encountered a Christian monk named Bahira, who observed some unique qualities and signs of a future prophethood in Muhammad (ﷺ) and warned Abu Talib to protect him, noting that his path to Prophethood would bring both challenges and opposition. 

Employment in Khadijah’s Business Ventures

Muhammad (ﷺ) when reached adulthood, his uncle, Abu Talib, felt it was time for him to become self-reliant. Understanding the limitations of their family’s modest means, Abu Talib sought an opportunity for his nephew in a more rewarding enterprise. He learned that Khadijah bint Khuwailid, a wealthy and highly respected lady merchant of Makkah, was seeking trustworthy individuals to manage her trade trips. So he called Muhammad (ﷺ) and said, “If you agree, I will ask Khadijah to appoint you in exchange for a proper honor.” He agreed to his uncle’s proposal.

Abu Talib being confident of Muhammad’s (ﷺ) reputation for honesty, integrity, and exceptional character, approached Khadijah with the proposal to employ him. Khadijah, already aware of Muhammad’s (ﷺ)  name and fame as Al–Amin (The Trustworthy), readily agreed to the proposal and offered him twice the standard remuneration for his services. 

• His Business Trip to Syria as Khadijah’s Representative: Muhammad (ﷺ) prepared to lead Khadijah’s trade caravan to Syria. She entrusted Maisara, her loyal servant, to accompany him and assist him on the journey. Before his departure, Abu Talib instructed his nephew with valuable guidance. His previous experience from the trade journey with his uncle also proved beneficial.

During this expedition, Muhammad (ﷺ) observed the ruins of ancient civilizations and witnessed the diverse practices and beliefs of various communities. His interactions with people from different cultures expanded his knowledge and deepened his understanding of the world.

• The Fruitful Venture: The journey was a booming success as Muhammad (ﷺ) conducted business transactions with due honesty and wisdom, resulting in windfall profits for Khadijah’s enterprise. His kind demeanor, fairness, and exceptional management skills impressed everyone involved in the caravan, including Maisara.

When they returned to Makkah, Maisara shared his admiration for Muhammad’s (ﷺ) conduct and capabilities with Khadijah. She was deeply impressed by his achievements and his ethical approach to business. This marked the beginning of a bond that would later lead to one of the most significant unions in Islamic history.

Prophet Muhammad’s (ﷺ) Marriage and Family Life with Khadijah (RA)

Muhammad (ﷺ) had grown into a handsome, strong, and virtuous young man. His unparalleled character, loyalty, and honesty earned him universal admiration among the people of Makkah. He was then an unmarried man of twenty–five years of age. 

On the other hand, Khadijah bint Khuwailid (RA), a forty—year old noblewoman of the Quraysh tribe, was renowned for her wealth, wisdom, and impeccable character. Having been widowed twice, she had no inclination for remarriage, though many prominent and influential figures in Arabia had sought her hand. Her unwavering integrity and chastity earned her the title Tahira (the Pure) in a society otherwise marked by moral corruption.

Khadijah (RA) had observed Muhammad’s (ﷺ) qualities, particularly his honesty and devotion, during his business dealings on her behalf. Deeply impressed, she felt a growing respect and attachment toward him. Though she had initially rejected numerous marriage proposals, she decided to send one to Muhammad (ﷺ) through a trusted intermediary.

When the proposal reached Muhammad (ﷺ), he asked the intermediary to send the proposal through his uncle and guardian, Abu Talib. Accordingly, Khadijah’s family approached Abu Talib to discuss the union. The marriage was solemnized with the full consent of both parties. At the time, Khadijah (RA) was forty years old, while Muhammad (ﷺ) was twenty–five.

A Marriage of Virtue and Love

Muhammad (ﷺ) agreed to this marriage not for Khadijah’s (RA) wealth but for her noble character and piety. Despite the difference in their ages, their relationship blossomed into a loving and harmonious partnership. Khadijah (RA) gave her full support and devotion to her husband, entrusting him with her vast wealth, which Muhammad (ﷺ) used for charitable purposes and the welfare of humanity.

Their union became a model of mutual respect, love, and dedication, laying a strong foundation for the extraordinary journey ahead in Muhammad’s (ﷺ) prophetic life. Khadijah (RA) stood as a pillar of support through trials and challenges, earning the distinction of being the first and most beloved wife of Prophet. 

The Children of Muhammad (ﷺ) and Hazrat Khadijah (RA)

The couple remained married for twenty–five years, a union marked by harmony and mutual devotion. They were blessed with six children: two sons and four daughters. A brief description of them is as follows: 

• Sons:

Qasim and Abdullah (also known as Tayyib and Tahir) both passed away in infancy, causing deep sorrow for their parents. 

• Daughters:

1. Zainab (RA): Married to Abul As ibn Rabi, a nephew of Khadijah (RA).
2. Ruqayyah (RA): Initially married to Utbah, the son of Abu Lahab. After the initiation of Prophethood of Muhammad (ﷺ), Abu Lahab vehemently opposed him and became an archenemy of Islam. This enmity led to the divorce of Ruqayyah (RA) with Utbah and later she was married Hazrat Uthman (RA).
3. Umm Kulthum (RA): Similarly, married to Utaybah, another son of Abu Lahab, but divorced under similar circumstances. She was later married to Hazrat Uthman (RA) after Ruqayyah’s death.
4. Fatimah (RA): Married to Hazrat Ali (RA) and became the mother of Hazrat Hasan (RA) and Hazrat Hussain (RA).

The first three daughters passed away during the Prophet’s (ﷺ) lifetime. Fatimah (RA) survived her father but passed away six months after his demise. 

A Role Model of Family Bond

The family bond of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) was exemplified with compassion, love, and responsibility. Despite societal norms that looked down upon daughters, he cherished his daughters and upheld family ties as sacred. His exemplary treatment of children and relatives earned him admiration and respect.

The bond between Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) and Khadijah (RA) remains a model of mutual support, love, and devotion for all time. His marriage to Hazrat Khadijah (RA) was one of love, loyalty, and mutual respect. Their union set an example of ideal conjugal life, characterized by deep affection and unwavering support. Khadijah’s (RA) love and dedication brought profound peace and stability to the Prophet’s life. He remained loyal to her throughout her life, never taking another wife during their marriage.

When Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) received the mantle of Prophethood at the age of forty, Khadijah (RA) became his first and most devoted supporter. Despite the hostility and adversity of Makkah, she stood by him with courage and consolation. Her unwavering belief in his mission was evident when she became the first Muslim to accept Islam. She offered words of comfort when her beloved husband for the first time received Wahi through Angel Jibril (AS) and became bewildered. Khadijah (RA) reassured her husband, saying:

“By Allah, do not be afraid. Allah will never disgrace you. You maintain ties of kinship, help the poor to remove their poverty, take care of the sick and distressed people, honor your guests, and uphold the truth in times of crisis. Surely, Allah has chosen you for a great purpose.”

The Prophet (ﷺ) often spoke of her virtues, saying:

“She believed in me when others disbelieved, and she supported me with her wealth when I had nothing.” 

His Role in the Battle of Fujjar

In the pre–Islamic era, the Arabs observed four sacred months—Muharram, Rajab, Dhul Qadah, and Dhul Hijjah—during which warfare was forbidden to ensure peace for pilgrimage and trade. However, this sanctity was violated when a man from the Quraysh tribe killed a member of the Hawazin tribe for commercial gain and looted his caravan. The resulting outrage led to a prolonged conflict known as the Battle of Fujjar.

Although still a young man, Muhammad (ﷺ) participated by assisting his uncles, providing them with bows and arrows, and even engaging in combat. After four years of conflict, the war ended with both sides agreeing to mutual compensation for the losses incurred.

His Social Welfare Activities

During an era when disputes often led to prolonged wars, Muhammad (ﷺ) became involved in efforts to bring peace and aid to the affected. His role in the Battle of Fuzzar and his participation in Hilful–Fujul, a noble alliance formed to resolve conflicts and assist those harmed by war, were highly appreciable. His active participation in the social activities demonstrated his commitment to justice and humanity. 

His Role in Formation of Hilful Fuzul

The aftermath of the Battle of Fujjar exposed the weakening tribal unity among the Quraysh and heightened fears of external threats. To address these concerns, Zubayr ibn Abd–al–Muttalib, an uncle of Muhammad (ﷺ), convened a meeting with representatives from all the tribes of Makkah. At this meeting, a social welfare organization named Hilful Fuzul (Alliance of the Virtuous) was established. Its objectives included:

1. Promoting unity and solidarity among the tribes of Makkah.
2. Protecting the rights of the oppressed and vulnerable.
3. Ensuring justice and supporting humanitarian causes.

One notable instance that inspired the creation of this alliance involved a Yemeni merchant who was defrauded by an influential Makkah resident. Standing near the Ka’ba, the merchant pleaded for justice. In response, the people of Makkah intervened to recover his dues, demonstrating the importance of standing up for the weak.

Muhammad (ﷺ) actively participated in the formation of Hilful Fuzul, taking an oath alongside others to devote himself to the cause of justice and the protection of the oppressed. Even after Prophethood, he expressed pride in his involvement with this noble initiative, affirming his commitment to its principles.

His Role in Renovation of Ka’ba Shareef

During the pre-–Prophethood era of Hazrat Muhammad (ﷺ), the renovation of the Ka’ba Shareef became a necessity because of its structural wear and tear. The Makkahns purchased the wreckage of a ship from Jedda, intending to use its materials for the reconstruction of the Ka’ba. Muhammad (ﷺ) actively participated in this important task, demonstrating his dedication to communal welfare.

Dispute among Quraysh Leaders about placement of Hajr–e–Aswad

A major challenge arose during the renovation process concerning the placement of, “Hajr–e–Aswad”, the sacred Black Stone on the wall of the Ka’ba. Each major tribe of Makkah wished to have the honor of placing the stone, leading to a strong dispute. To resolve this matter, the tribes agreed that the first person to enter the Ka’ba through the Safa Gate the following morning would be entrusted with the responsibility of arbitration, and his decision would be binding on all parties.

The next morning, it was Muhammad (ﷺ) who entered through the Safa Gate. His presence brought a sense of relief and agreement among the tribes, as they all trusted his honesty, wisdom, and fairness. The tribal chieftains approached him and requested to resolve their problem. He devised a brilliant and inclusive solution to ensure everyone participated in this important act. Muhammad (ﷺ) spread a cloth on the ground, placed the Black Stone in the center, and asked the chiefs of each tribe to hold the edges of the cloth. Together, they lifted the stone to its designated spot. Once it was brought near its position, Muhammad (ﷺ) personally placed the stone in its rightful place with his own hands.

This wise and equitable approach resolved the conflict peacefully, earning him the admiration and gratitude of all tribes involved. The peaceful resolution of a potentially violent dispute through wisdom and collaboration became a defining moment, highlighting his impeccable character and leadership even before Prophethood.