The Influence of the Holy Qur’an and Sunnah on the Life of the Muslim Ummah
The Holy Qur’an, the divine word of Allah, revealed to Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ), served as the cornerstone of a profound transformation in human history. In just 23 years of his prophetic mission, Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) guided a society steeped in ignorance and tribal discord to the heights of spiritual, moral, and societal excellence. This transformation was achieved by adhering to the teachings of the Qur’an and the noble example set by the Prophet’s (ﷺ) life, collectively known as the Sunnah.
The core teachings and influence of the Qur’an and Sunnah are discussed below:
- Moral and Ethical Development
The Qur’an provides a comprehensive code of ethics, emphasizing justice, truthfulness, compassion, and patience. Through the Sunnah, Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) demonstrated these values in his actions and decisions, creating a blueprint for Muslims to follow.
Allah (SWT) has revealed the Qur’an to cure the diseases of the sinful hearts of human beings (17:82). The Qur’anic verses urge one to develop moral values to be a good Muslim. Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) was sent as the ‘mercy and blessings for the entire universe’ (Qur’an: 21:107) and as a model for humanity to build up excellent moral character, good manners, and conduct. (Qur’an: 33:21 and 68:4). The Prophet (ﷺ) said:
‘Allah, the Lord of the worlds has sent me as His prophet in order to demonstrate the excellent moral character, best conduct and noblest behavior.’ (Hadith Malik–Mawatta, Ahmad–Musnad, Mishkat Al–Masabih).
“Good and evil are not equal. Repel evil with good, then the person who was your enemy becomes like an intimate friend.” (Surah Ha-–Mim Sajadah, 41:34)
“… And be benevolent, as Allah has been generous to you. And do not seek corruption in the land. Allah does not like the seekers of corruption.” (Surah Al–Qasas, 28:77)
2. Social Equality and Justice
Islam, through the Qur’an and Sunnah, abolished social hierarchies and established the principle of equality before Allah. The Qur’an commands fairness in dealings, mutual respect, and the protection of the weak and vulnerable, ensuring a just society.
“It is Allah Who has sent down the Book in Truth, and the Balance (by which to weigh conduct) ….” (Surah Ash—Shura, 42:17)
“Allah does not commit an atom’s weight of injustice; and if there is a good deed, He doubles it and gives from His Presence an immense compensation.” (Surah An–Nisa, 4:40)
3. Unity and Solidarity
The Prophet (ﷺ) fostered unity among the Muslim community by emphasizing shared beliefs and goals. The Qur’an repeatedly calls for Muslims to avoid division and cling to the rope of Allah (SWT). This unity forms the bedrock of the Ummah’s strength and resilience.
“The believers are brothers, so reconcile between your brothers, and remain conscious of Allah, so that you may receive mercy.” (Surah Al—Hujurat, 49:10)
[Also see Surah At–Tawbah, 9:71]
The prophet (ﷺ) says:
“Arabs have no superiority over non–Arabs, and non–Arabs have no superiority over Arabs. You are all equal except by piety and good actions. I leave behind me two things: the Qur’an and my example, the Sunnah, and if you follow these, you will never go astray.” (Farewell Hajj Sermon)
Guidance for Every Aspect of Life
The Holy Qur’an and Sunnah illuminate every aspect of life, providing a framework for spiritual growth, societal harmony, and personal fulfillment. From birth to death, the influence of these divine sources remains profound and transformative. They guide humanity toward its ultimate purpose: submission to Allah (SWT) and the pursuit of eternal success in the Hereafter. As the Qur’an states:
“It is He who has sent His Messenger with guidance and the religion of truth, that He may make it prevail over all other religions. Sufficient is Allah as a Trustee.” (Surah Al—Fat–h, 48:28)
“Say (O Prophet ﷺ): “If ye do love Allah, follow me: Allah will love you and forgive you your sins: For Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful. Say: “Obey Allah and His Messenger.: But if they turn back, Allah loveth not those who reject Faith.” (Surah Aal–e—Imran, 3:31–32)
The guidance and teachings of the Holy Qur’an and Sunnah offer a complete way of life and permeate every stage of a believer’s existence, as evidenced by the following:
- Birth to Childhood: From the Adhan at birth to early education in Qur’anic teachings, the influence of the Qur’an shapes a Muslim’s foundational years.
- Adulthood: Marriage, financial transactions, ethical conduct, and daily interactions are all governed by Qur’anic principles and the Prophet’s (ﷺ) example.
- End of Life: The recitation of the Shahada on the deathbed and the performance of Janazah prayers reflect the Qur’an’s enduring presence in a believer’s journey.
The Eternal Promise of Success
The following verse beautifully encapsulates Allah’s promise to the believers:
“Allah has promised those among you who believe and do righteous deeds that He will surely grant them succession in the land, as He granted succession to those before them, and that He will surely establish for them their religion which He has chosen for them, and that He will surely grant them security in place of their fear. They will worship Me and not associate anything with Me. Then whoever is ungrateful, then it is they who are disobedient.” (Surah An–Nur, 24:55)
“But those who believe and work righteous deeds will be in the luxuriant meads of the Gardens: they shall have, before their Lord, all that they wish for. That will indeed be the magnificent Bounty (of Allah).” Surah Ash–Shura, 42:22)
These verses not only emphasize Allah’s (SWT) assurance of success to those who believe and act righteously but also reflects the holistic framework of the Qur’an and Sunnah, which governs the Muslim Ummah’s spiritual, moral, and social dimensions.
- Key Means of Eternal Success: The teachings of the Qur’an and the Sunnah are indispensable for achieving peace, justice, and eternal success. The life of a Muslim revolves around these principles, ensuring alignment with divine will and the attainment of Allah’s pleasure. The Qur’an promises success to those who adhere to its guidance and the Sunnah of the Prophet (ﷺ):
“Indeed, in the Messenger of Allah you have an excellent example for him who hopes in Allah and the Last Day and remembers Allah much.”
(Surah Al–Ahzab, 33:21)
“…. Whoever obeys Allah and His Messenger, He will admit him to Gardens beneath which rivers flow, to abide therein forever. That is the great achievement.” (Surah An–Nisaa, 4:13)
The Universal Significance of the Holy Qur’an
About the revelation of the Holy Qur’an Allah (SWT) says:
The Qur’an’s has been revealed as mercy for the humanity and its teachings transcend time and geography, addressing the needs of humanity at every stage of existence.
The Qur’an as a Spiritual Guide for Humanity:
The Qur’an describes itself as a timeless guide for humanity, offering direction, purification, and healing to those who turn to it with sincerity. Its message transcends cultures and generations, addressing the universal need for spiritual clarity and moral grounding. Allah (SWT) says:
“We send down (stage by stage) in the Qur’an that which is a healing and a mercy to those who believe: to the unjust it causes nothing but loss after loss.” (Surah Al–Isra, 17:82)
- A Source of Universal Guidance: From the very beginning, the Qur’an establishes its role as a book of guidance. Allah (SWT) declares:
“This is the Book about which there is no doubt, a guidance for those conscious of Allah.” (Surah Baqarah, 2:2)
This guidance is not limited to a particular people but extends to all humanity:
“The month of Ramadan [is that] in which was revealed the Qur’an, a guidance for the people and clear proofs of guidance and criterion…” (Surah Al–Baqarah, 2:185)
Through its teachings, the Qur’an provides principles by which people can distinguish truth from falsehood, light from darkness.
- Purifies Hearts from Superstition and Moral Corruption: The Qur’an refines the human heart, freeing it from corruption, superstition, and arrogance. Allah (SWT) sent His Messenger to recite His verses:
“Verily this Qur’an does guide to that which is most right (or stable), and giveth the Glad Tidings to the Believers who work deeds of righteousness, that they shall have a magnificent reward.” (Surah Al–Isra, 17:9)
“A Book We have sent down to you so that you may bring mankind out of darkness into the light…” (Surah Ibrahim, 14:1)
“…that He may bring out those who believe and do righteous deeds from darkness into the light.” (At–Talaq, 65:11)
This purification is a divine favor, as stated in the Qur’an:
“Certainly, did Allah confer favor upon the believers when He sent among them a Messenger from themselves, reciting to them His verses and purifying them and teaching them the Book and wisdom…” (Aal–e–Imran, 3:164)
Thus, the Qur’an is not only a book of laws but a means of inner cleansing and spiritual elevation.
- A Reminder of Accountability: The Qur’an constantly instills accountability, piety, and mindfulness of the Hereafter and reminds humanity of accountability in the Hereafter, encouraging them to live with mindfulness of consequences. Allah (SWT) says:
“Whoever follows My guidance will neither go astray [in this world] nor suffer [in the Hereafter].” (Surah Ta–Ha, 20:123)
“…and whoever follows My guidance will neither go astray [in the world] nor suffer [in the Hereafter].” (Surah Ta–Ha, 20:123)
“…Fear Allah and know that you will meet Him.” (Surah Al–Baqarah, 2:223)
It emphasizes that its message is made easy for reflection:
“And We have certainly made the Qur’an easy to remember, so is there anyone who will be mindful?” (Surah Al–Qamar, 54:17)
Moreover, it reassures believers of their ultimate reward:
“Indeed, this Qur’an guides to that which is most upright and gives glad tidings to the believers who do righteous deeds that they will have a great reward.” (Surah Al–Isra, 17:9)
- Healing for the Heart: Beyond intellectual guidance, the Qur’an provides comfort, healing, and mercy for troubled hearts. Allah (SWT) declares:
“O mankind, there has come to you instruction from your Lord and healing for what is in the breasts and guidance and mercy for the believers.” (Surah Yunus, 10:57)
It addresses doubts, anxieties, and spiritual illnesses by reconnecting the heart with its Creator:
“And We send down of the Qur’an that which is a healing and mercy for the believers, but it does not increase the wrongdoers except in loss.” (Surah Al–Isra, 17:82)
Thus, the Qur’an is not merely a book of history or law; it is the ultimate spiritual guide for humanity. It leads people out of ignorance, purifies their inner selves, reminds them of their accountability, and provides healing for their hearts. By following its guidance, believers are safeguarded from misguidance and are led towards the light of truth, inner peace, and eternal success.
As a Social Charter:
- The Qur’an Advocates for justice, mercy, and mutual respect:
“Indeed, Allah commands justice, good conduct, and giving to relatives and forbids immorality, bad conduct, and oppression.” (Surah An—Nahl, 16:90)
“And We have not sent you, [O Muhammad], except as a mercy to the worlds.” (Surah Al–Ambiya, 21:107)
- Provides solutions to societal problems, fostering harmony:
“…and hold firmly to the rope of Allah all together and do not become divided…” (Surah Aal—Imran, 3:103)
“The believers are but brothers, so make settlement between your brothers.” (Surah Al—Hujurat, 49:10)
As a Source of Divine Wisdom
- The Qur’an Reveals reality of creation and human purpose:
“It is Allah who created the heavens and the earth and whatever is between them in six days… He created it only in truth…” (Surah As–Sajdah, 32:4)
“And I did not create the jinn and mankind except to worship Me.” (Surah Adh—Dhariyat, 51:56)
- Establishes balance between spiritual and worldly life:
“…Seek the life to come through what Allah has granted you, but do not neglect your rightful share in this world…” (Surah Al–Qasas, 28:77)
“Thus, We have made you a balanced nation…” (Surah Al—Baqarah, 2:143)
The Miracles of the Holy Qur’an
The Qur’an is a divine book, unparalleled in its depth, authenticity, and impact. While it is not a book of science, it contains numerous verses pointing to the signs of Allah’s creation, including scientific phenomena, historical truths, and mysteries of the universe. Modern scientific discoveries—such as the exploration of galaxies, stars, and planets—only confirm what was revealed in the Qur’an over 1400 years ago. Allah (SWT) declares:
“We will show them Our signs in the horizons and within themselves until it becomes clear to them that it is the truth.” (Surah Fussilat, 41:53)
The miracles of the Qur’an testify to its divine origin and its role as the ultimate guidance for humanity. Below are some of its extraordinary attributes:
The Qur’an as the Eternal Miracle:
The Qur’an is a unique and eternal miracle, a testament to the truth of Islam and the prophethood of Muhammad (ﷺ). It serves as a source of guidance, healing, and inspiration for all of humanity, underscoring its divine origin and unmatched excellence.
Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) said:
“Every Prophet was given miracles because of which people believed, but what I have been given is Divine Inspiration which Allah has revealed to me. So, I hope that my followers will outnumber the followers of the other Prophets on the Day of Resurrection.” (Hadith Sahih Bukhari)
The Qur’an stands as the most enduring and universal miracle of the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ), accessible to all who seek its guidance.
The Divine Originality of the Holy Qur’an:
As regards the Qur’an’s divine origin, and its protection and preservation from any distortion Allah (SWT) guarantees:
“No falsehood can approach it from before or behind it: It is sent down by One Full of Wisdom, Worthy of all Praise.” (Surah Ha–Mim–Sajadah, 41:42)
- Challenge of Inimitability: The Qur’an asserts its divine origin by challenging humanity and jinn to produce even a single chapter like it:
“And if you are in doubt about what We have sent down upon Our Servant [Muhammad], then produce a surah the like thereof and call upon your witnesses other than Allah, if you should be truthful.” (Surah Al–Baqarah, 2:23)
This challenge remains unmet, proving the Qur’an’s inimitable nature. [See also Surah Yunus: 10:37; Surah Hud: 11:13; Surah Al–Isra: 17:88.]
- Preservation and Authenticity: The Qur’an is unique in its preservation. Since its revelation, it has remained free from alteration or distortion, as Allah (SWT) promises:
“Indeed, it is We who sent down the Qur’an, and indeed, We will be its guardian.” (Surah Al–Hijr, 15:9)
No other book has been preserved so meticulously, with its original text intact and unchanged for over 1400 years.
[See also Surah An–Nisa: 4:82; Surah Fussilat: 41:42, Surah Al–Waqi’ah: 56:77–80.]
- Source of Healing and Guidance: The Qur’an is described as a source of spiritual healing and a cure for the diseases of the heart:
“And We send down in the Qur’an that which is a healing and a mercy for the believers.” (Surah Al–Isra, 17:82)
[See also Surah Yunus, 10:57]
Its profound impact on the human soul brings peace and clarity to those who reflect upon its verses.
- The Memorization of the Qur’an: A unique miracle of the Qur’an is its widespread memorization. Even if all written copies were destroyed, the Qur’an would remain preserved in the hearts of countless “Huffaz.” Children as young as six to ten years from diverse backgrounds memorize the entire Qur’an with remarkable ease. This preservation ensures that the Qur’an will remain a living miracle until the Day of Qiyamah.
- Linguistic Masterpiece: The Qur’an is the pinnacle of Arabic eloquence and style. Even during a time when Arabic literature flourished, the Qur’an surpassed the literary skills of poets and scholars. It remains unmatched as a linguistic standard for the Arabic language:
“Indeed, We have made it an Arabic Qur’an that you might understand.”
(Surah Az–Zukhruf, 43:3)
Muhammad Marmaduke Pickthall, a renowned English translator, remarked: “The Glorious Qur’an, that inimitable symphony, the very sounds of which move men to tears and ecstasy.”
- Impact on Listeners: Even the Prophet’s adversaries and the jinn were moved by the Qur’an’s recitation:
“When it is recited to them, they fall upon their faces in prostration, and they say, ‘Exalted is our Lord! Indeed, the promise of our Lord has been fulfilled.’ They fall down on their faces in tears, and it increases their (earnest) humility.” (Surah Al–Isra, 17:107–109, (Verse of prostration)
[Also see Surah Al–Ahqaf, 46:29–32; Surah Al–Jinn, 72:1–15]
- Absolute Truth and Consistency: The Qur’an contains no contradictions or errors, reflecting its divine origin:
“And the word of your Lord has been fulfilled in truth and in justice. None can alter His words, and He is the Hearing, the Knowing.” (Surah Al–An’am, 6:115)
Its consistency across time and its alignment with scientific discoveries further affirm its truth.
- Revealed on a Blessed Night: The Qur’an’s revelation began on the Night of Decree (Lailatul Qadr), described as better than a thousand months:
“Indeed, We sent it down during Lailatul Qadr (the Night of Decree). What do you know about Lailatul Qadr? Lailatul Qadr is better than a thousand months.” (Surah Al–Qadr, 97:1–3)
The Qur’an as a living miracle of times continues to inspire and guide humanity, uniting Muslims through a shared language and spiritual framework. Its timeless appeal and transformative power ensure that it remains the ultimate miracle of Prophet Muhammad.
Significance of the Unlettered Status of the Prophet (ﷺ)
Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) is famously referred to as ‘Al–Ummi’ (the unlettered one) which highlights the fact that he had no formal education and could neither read nor write.
Wisdom of Allah (SWT) in Making Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) as Unlettered One:
The unlettered status of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) aligns with Allah’s wisdom in selecting him as His final messenger, emphasizing that the Qur’an is purely divine and not a product of human creativity.
“Those who follow the Messenger, the unlettered Prophet, whom they find written with them in the Torah and the Gospel, enjoining on them what is right and forbidding them what is wrong, making lawful for them all the good things and forbidding them what is unlawful, and removing from them their burden and their bondage. So those who believe in him, and take his company, and help him, and follow the light (the Qur’an) that has been sent down with him, they are the successful.” (Surah Al–A’raf, 7:157)
The Qur’an itself addresses the challenge posed to those who ascribed Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) as its author. Allah (SWT) challenges humanity in the following verses:
“And you were not (able) to recite a Book before this (Book came), nor are you (able) to transcribe it with your right hand: In that case, indeed, would the talkers of vanities have doubted. Nay, here are Signs self–evident in the hearts of those endowed with knowledge: and none but the unjust reject Our Signs.” (Surah Al–Ankabut, 29:48—49)
[See also Surah Yunus: 10:37—38, Surah Hud: 11:13—14]
These verses underscore that the Qur’an could not have been authored by an unlettered individual or even the most eloquent poets and scholars of the time. They failed to produce even a single chapter comparable to the Qur’an’s eloquence, depth, and divine wisdom.
The Prophet’s inability to read or write serves as undeniable evidence that the Qur’an was not a product of human effort or imagination. His unlettered status amplifies the miraculous nature of the Qur’an, as it contains a text of unparalleled linguistic beauty, deep wisdom, and scientific accuracy:
- Advanced Knowledge: References to scientific phenomena and historical events unknown at the time.
- Unmatched Eloquence: The Qur’an’s linguistic style remains inimitable.
- Eternal Relevance: Its guidance applies universally, transcending time and place.
Recognition by Global Thinkers about Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) as the Greatest Human being of All Time
Introduction
Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) was not merely a religious reformer; he was a statesman, a commander, a judge, a teacher, and a spiritual guide. His influence extended far beyond the confines of religion, shaping civilization, governance, morality, and human values.
Not only Muslims, but many renowned non–Muslim thinkers, historians, and philosophers have recognized and admired his unparalleled character, achievements, and influence on humanity. The following quotations from distinguished personalities of the world bear testimony to his greatness.
Views of Some World–Renowned Scholars
- Michael H. Hart (American Historian and Astrophysicist)
“My choice of Muhammad (ﷺ) to lead the list of the world’s most influential persons may surprise some readers and may be questioned by others; but he was the only man in history who was supremely successful on both the religious and secular levels. Muhammad (ﷺ) was the most influential person in human history.” (Michael H. Hart, The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History, New York: Hart Publishing Company, Inc., 1978, p. 33.)
- George Bernard Shaw (Irish Playwright and Philosopher)
“He must be called the Savior of Humanity. I believe that if a man like him were to assume the dictatorship of the modern world, he would succeed in solving its problems in a way that would bring the much-needed peace and happiness.” [George Bernard Shaw, The Genuine Islam, Singapore, Vol. 1, No. 8, 1936]
- Alphonse de Lamartine (French Poet and Historian)
“Muhammad was a philosopher, an orator, an apostle, a legislator, a warrior, a conqueror of ideas, the restorer of rational dogmas, the founder of a religion without images; the founder of twenty terrestrial empires and one spiritual empire. By every standard by which human greatness may be measured, we may well ask: Is there any man greater than he?” [Lamartine, Histoire de la Turquie, Paris, 1854, Vol. II, pp. 276–277.]
- Thomas Carlyle (Scottish Philosopher and Historian)
“How one man single–handedly could weld warring tribes and wandering Bedouins into a most powerful and civilized nation in less than two decades is one of the greatest marvels of history.”
[Thomas Carlyle, The Hero as Prophet, in Heroes and Hero–Worship, 1841.]
- Bosworth Smith (English Historian and Scholar)
“He was Caesar and Pope in one; but he was Pope without the Pope’s pretensions, Caesar without the legions of Caesar. Without a standing army, without a bodyguard, without a palace, without a fixed revenue—if ever any man had the right to say that he ruled by divine right, it was Muhammad, for he had all the power without its instruments and without its supports.”
[Bosworth Smith, Mohammad and Mohammedanism, London, 1874, p. 92.]
- Mahatma Gandhi (Father of the Indian Nation)
“I wanted to know the best of one who holds today undisputed sway over the hearts of millions of mankind. I became more than ever convinced that it was not the sword that won a place for Islam in those days. It was the Prophet’s absolute simplicity, his self-effacement, his meticulous regard for pledges, his intense devotion to friends and followers, his bravery, his fearlessness, and his absolute trust in God and in his mission. When I finished reading the second volume of his biography, I felt sorry that there was not more for me to read of that great life.” [Mahatma Gandhi, Young India]
Conclusion
Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) was the embodiment of mercy, honesty, justice, equality, and humanity. He illuminated a world shrouded in darkness and transformed a barbaric and divided people into a disciplined, noble, and enlightened nation. His teachings and example remain an eternal source of guidance for all humankind.
The life and mission of the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) will continue to serve as a radiant beacon until the end of time. The one who was sent for the entire humanity—
“As a witness, a bearer of glad tidings, and a warner; and one who calls to Allah by His permission and as an illuminating lamp.”
(Surah Al–Ahzab, 33:45–46)
— must indeed be the possessor of the most exemplary character.
Allah Himself declares:
“And indeed, you are of an exalted standard of character.” (Surah Al–Qalam, 68:4)
He reached the pinnacle of all virtues, and thus Allah, the Almighty, promised:
“And your Lord will soon grant you, and you will be well pleased.” (Surah Al–Isra, 17:79)
What greater honor could be bestowed upon a human being? Indeed, this is the supreme acknowledgment of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) as the Greatest Human of All Time.
Important Events in the life of the Prophet (ﷺ)
| Year (AD) | Important events |
| 570 | Ø Date of birth: 9th or 12th Rabiul Awal. |
| 595 | Ø Marriage with Hazrat Khadija (RA). |
| 610 | Ø First revelation and the beginning of prophethood, the invitation to Islam to close relatives. |
| 613 | Ø Started preaching Islam openly. Opposition from Quraysh leaders. Protection from his uncle Abu Talib. |
| 615 | Ø First migration of persecuted Muslims of Makkah to Abyssinia (present-day Ethiopia). |
| 616 | Ø Second migration to Abyssinia.
Ø Conversion of Hazrat Hamza (RA) and Hazrat Umar (RA) to Islam. Ø Social and economic boycott of the Quraysh with the Muslims and Hashemite tribes. Ø Muslims and people of the Hashemite tribe took refuge in the Sheba Valley near Makkah. |
| 619 | Ø End of boycott. |
| 620 | Ø Year of Sorrow: Death of Abu Talib and Hazrat Khadija (RA).
Ø Travelling to Taif to spread Islam and the tragic events there. Ø Proclaiming Islam to a group of pilgrims from Yathrib (Madinah) and converting them to Islam. |
| 621 | Ø Miracle of Isra Wal Mi’raj.
Ø Provision of five–time daily prayers are in effect. Ø First oath of allegiance (Bayyah) at Aqaba by the Hajj pilgrims from Yathrib. |
| 622 | Ø Second pledge of allegiance (oath) at Aqaba by the Hajj pilgrims from Yathrib.
Ø Invitation to all Muslims, including the Prophet (ﷺ), to migrate to Madinah. Ø The migration of Muslims to Madinah begins. Ø The plot to kill the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) by the Quraysh. Ø Migration of the Prophet (ﷺ) along with Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) to Madinah. Ø Construction of the first mosque of Islam near Madinah. Ø Performing the first Friday prayer. Ø Establishment of the Prophet’s Mosque in Madinah. |
| 623 | Ø Formulation of the Madinah Charter and establishment of the Madinah State.
Ø Revelation regarding the permission of jihad was revealed. |
| 624 | Ø Battle with the Quraysh army in the desert of Badr and the miserable defeat of the Quraysh.
Ø Marriage of the Prophet (ﷺ) to Hazrat Aisha (RA). Ø Changing the Qiblah towards Masjid al–Haram. Ø Orders are issued to observe the obligatory month–long fast during Ramadan. Ø Campaign against the Banu Qunaika tribe. Ø Issuing orders to collect zakat. |
| 625 | Ø Battle of Uhud.
Ø Campaign against the Banu Nadir tribe. |
| 627 | Ø Campaign against the Banu Mustaliq and Banu Qurayza tribes.
Ø Battle of Trench. Ø Slandering Hazrat Aisha (RA) by the hypocrite community. |
| 628 | Ø Traveling to Makkah for Umrah.
Ø The Quraysh blockaded a place called Hudaybiyyah near Makkah. Ø Pledge of Ridwan. Ø Making Treaty of Hudaybiyyah with the Quraysh. Ø Creating an environment of temporary peace and sending letters of invitation to Islam to foreign rulers. Ø The conversion of the king of Abyssinia and the governor of Yemen to Islam. Ø Marriage with Maria (RA), a slave girl given to the Prophet (ﷺ) by the ruler of Egypt. Ø The Battle of Khaybar. |
| 629 | Ø Performing Umratul Qada.
Ø The Islam of Hazrat Khalid bin Walid (RA), Hazrat Amr bin Aas (RA) and Hazrat Usman bin Talha (RA). Ø Battle of Muta. Ø Conversion of the Banu Sulaim and Banu Ghifah tribes to Islam. Ø Violation of the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah by the Quraysh. |
| 630 | Ø Conquest of Makkah.
Ø Battle of Hunayn. Ø Taif expedition. Ø Performing Umrah. Ø Sana’a and Hadramaut campaign. Ø Sending representatives to the rulers of Oman and Bahrain. Ø Birth of Ibrahim, son of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ). Ø The Tabuk Campaign. Ø Sending letters of invitation to Islam to the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius for the second time from Tabuk. Ø Arrival in Madinah by the Christian tribe Banu Taghlib to conclude a peace treaty. Ø The destruction of the mosque built by the hypocrites. Ø King Himair’s conversion to Islam. Ø Arrival of delegations from various regions of Arabia to Madinah to embrace Islam. |
| 631 | Ø Performing Hajj as an obligatory act of worship under the leadership of Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA).
Ø Surah At–Tawbah was revealed to cleanse and purify the city of Makkah from infidels. Ø The death of the hypocrite leader Abdullah ibn Ubayy. Ø Arrival of the Christian delegation from Najran to Madinah and conclusion of a peace treaty. |
| 632 | Ø Death of the Prophet’s son, Ibrahim (RA).
Ø Performing the last Hajj and Umrah and delivering the Farewell Hajj sermon. Ø Verses were revealed declaring Islam as the final religion of mankind. Ø Yemeni Governor Bazani passes away. Ø Seizure of power in Yemen by the liar Aswad Ansi and his claim to be a prophet. He was killed on the orders of the Prophet (ﷺ). Ø Surah An–Nasr was revealed, indicating the victory of Islam and the departure of the Prophet (ﷺ). Ø Hazrat Usama bin Zayed (RA) was appointed as the commander of the army and sent against the Roman army in Syria. Ø Illness of the Prophet (ﷺ) and the end of his earthly life. |